A long-term experiment of black soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency(Gongzhuling City)was conducted,in which the effects of different fertilization methods on soil moisture and temperature characteristics and water use efficiency and yield of maize were studied by using neutron probe and soil temperature automatic monitoring system.The results showed that for soil at a depth of 5cm,the diurnal temperature changed with a sine function across different fertilization treatments,and the diurnal maximum and ...