In the article, it expounded structure design and operation principle of vertical axial flow threshing device of maize combine harvester, introduced the design thought of roller, concave board and threshing gap of adjusting part. The field test result showed that the performance of the device was the optimal when the working length of the roller was 2 100 mm、the dip angle was 12 °、the threshing gap was 40 mm、the roller rotational speed was 300 r / min.