It is necessary to elucidate its growth mechanism in order to prevent and control the further spread of Flaveria bidentis,an invasive plant in China. The effects of shading( shading rate of0,50% and 80%,respectively) and planting pattern( single cropping of F. bidentis,single cropping of Chenopodium album and their intercropping) on germination rate,fluorescence characteristics and growth characteristics of the two plants were investigated. The results showed that moderate shading contributed to emergence r...