【摘要】 雪地生活跳虫主要是指能在雪地环境中(雪面上,雪层下和雪层中)活动的跳虫,它们的共性是能够在寒冷的环境中进行跳跃、取食等活动,对低温和干旱具有很强的耐受性。对雪地生活跳虫的研究有助于人们了解积雪和冰雪覆盖地区跳虫类群的野外生存行为和生理特征,以及跳虫在恶劣气候环境的生活方式。世界上对雪地生活跳虫的研究大致可分为分类学,生理学,生物气候学三个部分。雪地跳虫主要分布在三个地区:环北极地区,高山地区和南极地区。部分跳虫种类在冬季低温的环境下活动能力很强,目前已报道的能在雪地中生活的跳虫达70余种(不包括南极地区)。与在其他季节活跃的跳虫相比,有些冬季活跃的跳虫具备特殊的形态结构,而且有些冬季活动的跳虫具有夏眠特性。冬季活跃跳虫通常具有适应冬季低温生存环境的能力,其耐寒和耐干旱的生理机制已被阐明,但其分子生物学机理尚未完全揭示清楚。雪面上活动的跳虫能够利用太阳光做向导进行连续的定向迁徙,以此穿越大的地理障碍,选择更加合适的生活栖息地以及进行基因交流。冬季活动的跳虫受环境因素的影响很大,其在雪面上的个体数量与风、温度和气压相关,而且受季节影响较大,多出现在冬末气候温和的时候。总结了雪地生活跳虫的研究历史,研究方法,列出了已报道种类和分布,介绍了迁徙和取食等行为以及耐寒冷和耐干旱等生理研究等,以增加对跳虫类群生物生态特性的认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 Snow-living Collembola live either on the snow surface or below the snow layer,although they can sometimes also be found in the snow layer. They are capable of migrating and feeding in cold environments,showing physiological adaptations that give them a strong tolerance to low temperatures and dehydration. Research on snow-living collembolans has made a large contribution to our understanding of their behavior in the field,their physiology,and their strategies for surviving in such a harsh climate. Studies of snow-living collembolans can be generally divided to three categories: taxonomy,physiology,and phenology. Three main geographical areas are concerned: firstly,the Arctic,mainly referring to Asia,northern Europe and North America,including Russia,Norway,Sweden,France,Germany,China,Japan,Canada and the United States of America; secondly,the high mountain regions,such as the European Alps,Himalayan glacier regions,including Nepal and other countries; thirdly,Antarctica. In total,more than 70 species in 24 genera of collembolans have been found to be active in harsh winter conditions around the world( not including those from Antarctica). Some of them should have a wide distribution,such as Hypogastrura socialis,which is found in Norway, Finland and the United States of America. Compared with other Collembola,snow-living species sometimes exhibit distinctive morphological features,such as larger teeth on the dens in the winter form. Some snow-living collembolans mayalso hibernate in summer. The physiological mechanisms of cold tolerance and drought resistance have been elucidated. As a group of arthropods with freeze-avoidance strategy,they increase glycerol levels,decrease fucose and glucose levels,and produce antifreeze proteins( AFP),as well as showing other mechanisms to protect cells from low temperature injury. However,the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not yet fully understood. Collembolans active on the snow surface can use sunlight to make a continuous directional migration,thereby crossing large geographical barriers to reach more suitable habitats and ensure gene flow. The activities of Collembola are greatly influenced by environmental factors. Collembolan densities on the snow surface change according to wind,temperature and pressure,and are strongly influenced by the seasons. They can be found in large numbers on the snow surface when the temperature is approximately 0℃,but withdraw to the snow layer when the temperature decreases at night. Collembolan activity increases mostly in late winter when the climate is mild. In this paper we summarize the historical studies of the snow-living collembolans from all the world,including the researchers and their study areas; provide a list of species that have been found world widely and outline their distributions; describe the methods used to trap collembolans in winter; discuss their activities in snow conditions,such as vertical migration within the snow layer and directional horizontal migration on the snow surface,their jumping ability and dispersal rates on the snow surface; their feeding behaviors and the relevant food chain in winter; their resistance to cold and drought,and other physiological characteristics; and how their activities are influenced by climate and seasonal changes. The aim is to thereby increase our understanding of the biology and ecology characteristics of snowliving collembolans.更多还原