【摘要】 旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Following several years of study,we have found that the economically less-developed region of the ethnic minority areas of western China,namely Sichuan,Yunnan,and Guizhou,is not only an area where rich eco-cultural tourism resources are concentrated,but is also an area where the ecological environment is very fragile. Developing local tourism resources has been regarded as an important path of poverty alleviation for the local people. However,excessive exploitation of these resources will directly threaten the local ecological security. Seen from the perspective of the relationship between man and nature,in recent years,the development of tourism has had an increasingly more serious impact on the environment in these western ethnic areas—for instance,the numbers of tourists in Jiuzhaigou scenic spot of Sichuan have exceeded its carrying capacity,and has caused soil erosion and water pollution; Lijiang Old Town in Yunnan is facing the problem of over-crowding;and the water in Erhai lake in Dali has been polluted by cruise boats. Seen from the perspective of the relationship between man and society,we find that the protection of culture and environment in western ethnic areas is being threatened by the predatory nature of the development of tourism resources—for example,in the ethnic tourism villages of Guizhou,there is a serious problem with the traditional ethnic culture there being vulgarized,faked,and urbanized. This has affected social harmony and stability in the area. Because Sichuan province is located in the upper Yangtze River,the ecological security in its ethnic minority areas is related to the security of the Yangtze valley and even to the whole country. Hence,this article aims to explore the ecological security issues related to the natural ecological environment and the eco-cultural environment during the process of exploiting tourism resources in ethnic minority areas of Sichuan,and to do so from the perspective of the relationship between man and nature,and between man and society. The purpose here is to guarantee effectively the ecological security in the ethnic minority areas of Sichuan,and promote a harmonious and sustainable development of society in Sichuan’ s ethnic minority areas.Based on the fieldwork conducted in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and other minority areas in Sichuan,this paper,specially selects the scenic area of Hailuogou in Gongga Mountain; Jiaju Tibetan village in Danba County; the Larong Wuming Buddhist Academy in Seda County; the Tibetan dwellings in Daofu county and the scenic area of Jiuzhaigou,and focuses on the impact of tourism resource exploitation on the ecological security of the local natural ecological environment and cultural ecology. The research results reflect that in the process of the development and exploitation of tourism resources in the Sichuan ethnic minority areas, some problems appear. These include:( i) exceeding the carrying capacity of the tourism environment;( ii) negative impacts of tourism resource exploitation on the natural environment( for example,water and air pollution resulting from the tourism development; ecological destruction resulting from the construction of basic tourist infrastructure; and the negative influencesof the tourists on the environment, etc.); and( iii) negative influences of tourism resource exploitation on the ethnic cultural ecological environment( for example, excessive "commercialization" due to the impact of outside culture; the phenomenon of "faked folklore " in producing tourist products) etc..All of these problems have directly or indirectly threatened the local ecological security,or even hindered the harmonious and sustainable development in ethnic areas. Aiming at the ecological security problems mentioned above which resulted from the tourism resources exploitation in ethnic minority areas of Sichuan,this article tries to construct a five-part ecological security system in Sichuan ’ s ethnic minority areas, which includes:( i) a mechanism for managing tourist carrying capacity;( ii) a mechanism for monitoring environmental impacts;( iii) a mechanism for ensuring legal guarantees;( iv) a mechanism for providing environmental and ecological education; and,( v) a mechanism for creating ethnic ecological cultural self-protection. All of these mechanisms are to ensure ecological security,and realize the harmonious relationship between man and nature,and man and the society in the ethnic minority areas of Sichuan.更多还原