【摘要】 源于福利经济学和环境经济学的条件价值法是旅游资源经济价值评估的重要方法。文章对条件价值法评估旅游资源经济价值研究中存在的WTP-WTA不对称、各类偏差以及有效性和可靠性检验问题进行了详细的梳理和评析。在充分肯定条件价值法对于旅游资源经济价值评估适用性的基础上,提出旅游资源经济价值评估应进一步围绕发展中国家方法使用的独特性、旅游资源价值评估中利益相关群体的区别研究以及旅游资源价值评估的跨学科研究等方面展开,以期为国内相关研究提供参考和启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 Typically environmental resource valuation studies concentrate on estimating total economic value,which includes not only the values of specific uses,but also the intangible non-use values not normally captured in private market transactions.Revealed preference methods are applicable only when data on market transactions or activities are available.Total economic value can be estimated using stated preference non-market valuation techniques.The contingent valuation method(CVM),as a type of stated preference method,is a widely used non-market valuation method especially applicable in the areas of environmental cost-benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment.Its application in environmental economics includes estimation of non-use values,non-market use values or both of these measures of environmental resource values.Because of its capacity to capture both use and non-use values and provide valuation data when revealed preference information is lacking,CVM has become the most important non-market valuation technique and has been the most popular and widely used valuation technique over the past several decades. However,as a public goods valuation method based on a hypothetical market,this method has been severely criticized by a group of academicians for failing to reliably,validly,and accurately produce compensation variation results for non-market values.In common with other stated preference techniques,CVM estimates are prone to various types of bias.Bias can be introduced in several ways: 1) the information effect of introducing bias considers how information is given to respondents in surveys and whether alternative choices are provided;2) the embedding or scope effect considers whether a resource or good is presented as a separate unit or as a part of an aggregate of goods;3) sequencing effect or question order bias considers if a willingness to pay(WTP) value assigned for a particular good differs depending on the order in which the good occurs in a sequence of options;4) hypothetical or strategic bias deals with when an unreal/hypothetical scenario setting is presented to respondents that may cause them to overstate or understate their true preferences;5) payment vehicle bias considers situations when the payment method influences the assigned value,and so on.Also,problems caused by poor design and/or administration of many environmental valuation studies are widely recognized.Common problems include poorly defined or implausible goods and a low response rate. Currently,the CVM has become an integral part of environmental assessment and it is capable of eliciting the true economic values of environmental resources if properly conducted,such as its use in placing a value on tourism resources.The CVM shows promise and may be used to derive useful information.But this does not mean this method should be used indiscriminately.CVM studies should be conducted properly and extremely carefully. The major objective of this paper is to make a relatively detailed analysis of relevant literature from China and across the globe regarding any disparity between WTP and WTA,and the effects of various biases on the validity and the reliability of the results.Based on the belief that CVM shows promise as a method to valuate tourism resources,the authors consider the possible development and orientation of future studies including the possibility of using CVM in developing countries where valuation researchers typically survey the stakeholders.The need for interdisciplinary work is obvious in the hope of providing baseline data for land managers to assist them in making informed decisions based on relevant domestic studies.更多还原