【摘要】 1793年,美国司法领域的一个无经验的组织—合众国最高法院对奇泽姆诉佐治亚案做出判决。就奇泽姆案而言,它只是涉及到司法的技术性问题,即联邦法院是否有权受理他州公民因合同之债而对州提起的诉讼。随后国会迅即制定宪法第11修正案,各州立即批准。宪法第11修正案的批准在美国国内引起了重大争论,且对宪法第11修正案的争论进而转为对有关联邦主义和州主权的大讨论。由于此争论关涉到州法律地位的界定和联邦法律至上等问题,因而在美国宪政和政治发展史上具有基础性地位。更多还原

【Abstract】 In 1793,a fledging supreme court in the United States decided the case of Chisholm v.Georgia.The question in the case of Chisholm was only the relatively technical jurisdictional issue of whether the federal courts had the power to entertain contract claims brought against the state by out-of-state citizens.The congress immediately proposed the Eleventh Amendment,and states quickly ratified it.Meanwhile,the approval of the Eleventh Amendment continued to raise controversy.The debates over it were turned into the debates over the meanings of federalism and state sovereignty.The issues presented in the Eleventh Amendment debates are as basic as the definition of statehood and supremacy of federal law.更多还原