【摘要】 为实现桑园的速生丰产以及桑叶收获和养蚕的省力化,探讨北方蚕区实施杂交桑草本式栽培全年条桑收获技术的可行性。在山东省泰安市岱岳区草本式栽植杂交桑品种桂桑优12号和沙2×伦教109,前者栽植密度分别为90 000、120 000、150 000株/hm2,后者为90 000株/hm2,每年收割2～4次,连续3年调查草本桑的生长状况、产叶量及桑叶营养成分和养蚕成绩。草本桑的每株发条数、平均条长、单株总条长及米条长产叶量均随栽植密度的增加而有降低趋势;每hm2桑园总发条数、总条长、条叶总产量及片叶产量,均随栽植密度的增加而提高,尤其是建园第1年的片叶产量增幅最大,最高区的产量达32 744.6 kg/hm2,是对照桑园常规栽植湖桑32号产叶量的3.87倍,建园第3年最高区片叶产量达56 446.1 kg/hm2,其产茧量可达3 700 kg/hm2左右;草本桑园的片叶产量与条叶总产量之比在0.6左右,显著高于普通栽培桑园。草本桑的桑叶含水率略高于对照桑园的桑叶含水率,但干物中的粗蛋白质量分数均在30%左右,与对照无明显差异。分别用草本桑进行秋蚕期大棚条桑育及春蚕期片叶定量育试验,与对照区湖桑32号片叶育相比,5龄幼虫发育经过均缩短12 h,其中:秋蚕期全茧量与茧层量分别比对照区低11.81%和13.29%,死笼率也低于对照区,茧丝长、洁净等指标略高于对照区,其它茧丝质指标无明显差异;春蚕期的蚕体质量、全茧量、茧层量、生命率等指标与对照区无明显差异,小区产茧量、茧层率和饲料效率略低于对照区。分别用草本桑的桑叶粉和条叶粉配制人工饲料全龄饲育家蚕,家蚕的摄食性和发育经过与对照区湖桑32号桑叶粉饲料无显著差异,小区产茧量和茧质指标,以草本桑条叶粉人工饲料育最高,对照区次之,草本桑桑叶粉人工饲料育最低。3年试验结果证明,在山东省气候条件以及优质的土壤和良好的肥水条件下,采用杂交桑草本式栽培不仅可以实现桑园速生丰产,而且能实现全年条桑收获,提高桑叶收获工效6～8倍,是省力化栽桑养蚕的有效技术途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 To realize fast growing and high yield in mulberry field and laborsaving in mulberry leaf harvesting and silkworm rearing,the feasibility of herbage-type cultivation and year-round shoot harvesting of hybrid mulberry in the northern sericultural regions of China was investigated.Two mulberry hybrid varieties,Guisangyou 12 and Sha 2×Lunjiao 109,were cultivated in Daiyue District of Taian City,Shandong Province.Guisangyou 12 was cultivated at a density of 90 000,120 000 and 150 000 plants/hm2 respectively,and Sha 2×Lunjiao 109 at 90 000 plants/hm2.Both were harvested 2 to 4 times annually.Mulberry growth,leaf yield,leaf nutritional composition and silkworm rearing performance of herbage-type cultivation were investigated in three consecutive years.The results indicated that the number of shoot per plant,average branch length,total branch length per plant and leaf yield per meter branch of herbage-type mulberry decreased with the planting density.The total number of shoot,total branch length,total shoot-leaf yield and leaf yield per hm2 increased with the planting density.Especially in the first year,the increment of leaf yield was at the highest level.The highest plot had a leaf yield of 32 744.6 kg/hm2,being 3.87 times to the control variety Husang 32.In the third year,the highest plot had a leaf yield of 56 446.1 kg/hm2,and cocoon output of 3 700 kg/hm2.The ratio of leaf yield to shoot-leaf yield of herbage-type mulberry was about 0.6,being remarkably higher than that of the control mulberry field.Leaf moisture content of herbage-type mulberry was slightly higher than that of the control variety Husang 32,but the crude protein content in dry matter under both cultivation types was about 30%.Herbage-type mulberry was used to conduct silkworm rearing experiments in two forms,namely autumn period shed shoot-leaf feeding and spring period quota leaf feeding.Compared to leaf feeding of the control variety Husang 32,developmental duration of the 5th instar larvae was 12 h shorter.In the autumn period,whole cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight was 11.81% and 13.29% lower than the control respectively.Dead worm cocoon rate was lower than the control,too.Cocoon filament length and neatness were slightly higher than the control.Other indexes of cocoon filament quality were not obviously different.In the spring period,larval body weight,whole cocoon weight,cocoon shell weight,and viability had no obvious difference with the control.Sub-plot cocoon output,cocoon shell rate and feed efficiency were slightly lower than the control.Mulberry leaf powder and shoot-leaf powder of herbage-type cultivation were both used to prepare artificial diet for feeding silkworm of all instars.Silkworm feeding habit and developmental duration had no significant difference with leaf powder of the control variety Husang 32.Sub-plot cocoon output and cocoon quality were the highest from artificial diet prepared with shoot-leaf powder of herbage-type mulberry,the second from the control,and the lowest from that with leaf powder of herbage-type mulberry.Our three year experimental data demonstrated that,under weather condition of Shandong Province,herbage-type cultivation of hybrid mulberry in the field with fertile soil and good water supply is an effective technological measure to realize laborsaving in mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing.It not only allows fast growing and high yield of the hybrid mulberry,but also enables year-round shoot-leaf harvesting,leading to an improvement of work efficiency by 6 to 8 times in mulberry leaf harvesting.更多还原