【摘要】 土地利用过程会引起一系列生态环境问题,如生物多样性破坏、生态支持功能衰弱、自然生态环境破坏等。介绍了国内外生命周期评价中土地利用研究的发展历程,总结了生命周期评价中不同土地利用方式———土地占用及土地转变使用用途对生物多样性破坏、生态支持功能衰弱、自然生态破坏3个方面的评价方法、计算模型及应用实例,并对目前生命周期评价中关于土地利用的环境影响评价存在的问题进行了分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 A series of environmental problems such as degradation of biodiversity,depression of ecological support and damage to natural ecological environment are caused by the land use.Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) has been widely applied for assessing the result of environmental impact in land use for over ten years.In this article,the LCA development in the land use(forest,pasture,cropland,wetland,residence) was introduced.The article also summarized the LCA assessment methods of two types of land use,i.e.land occupation and land use change,which included accounting models in evaluating the degradation of biodiversity,depression of ecological support and damage brought to natural ecological environment.Ecosystem Vulnerability,Conditions for Maintained Biodiversity,Species Richness,Ecosystems Rarity and Ecosystem Damage Potential were chosen as the indicators for evaluating the degradation of biodiversity;whereas,Net Primary Productivity(NPP) was selected as the indicator for assessing the depression of ecological support.Naturalness Degradation Potentials(NDP) and Ecosystem Damage Potential(EDP) were chosen as two key indicators in terms of evaluation of the damage to natural ecological environment Destruction.In addition,the following problems found in LCA should be solved in future.(1) The assessment methods of ecological problems caused by land use were still in the exploratory stage compared with other environmental impact categories in LCA;the assessment types,assessment methods,impact factors and accounting models should be improved in the future.(2)It is difficult to precisely evaluate the damage degree to ecosystem because its original state and information of all flora and fauna can not be obtained comprehensively.(3)Exact determination of the LCA results from changes in time and space in land use.(4)Establishment of the LCA models for evaluating the greenhouse gases emission in land use due to the quantities of GHG released from soil respiration.更多还原