【摘要】 为了检验普鲁斯特效应中存在气味辨别确定的决策阶段,在实验一和实验二中分别以气味、气味词和不同辨认度的气味为线索,设置干扰任务,考察自传体记忆基于气味线索回忆的提取时间差异。实验一发现,语词标签和气味不一致条件,自传体记忆提取时间变化出现干扰效应,而气味一致条件未出现。实验二发现,难、易辨认度气味均有干扰效应。表明普鲁斯特效应中存在气味辨别确定的决策阶段,该效应机制是"双加工"机制,即气味线索的直接性提取和气味辨别确定所激活的气味语义表征促进了自传体记忆提取。更多还原

【Abstract】 To test the decision-making phase of odor identification in Proust’s effect of autobiographical memory retrieval,the current research examined the different retrieval time of autobiographical memory based on odor cues,using a double cuing methodology developed by Chu and Downes(2002) and setting an interference task.A mixed design was used in Experiment 1.All the participants were cued twice,with the first cue always being the verbal label,the second cue either the verbal label or an odor,and the odor either of the same nominal identity as the first cue or different.The three levels of cue combination(label,congruent odor,and incongruent odor) were the between-subjects factor of design.Another factor was the type of interference tasks,which had two levels,interference or no interference,and varied within the subjects.The experiment was conducted in two phases:a preparatory phase and a formal phase.Odor stimulus words of the first cue were presented visually and participants were required to report the related events experienced personally in the past.The experimenter opened the bottle with odorants,and gave a sniff to the participants,or the verbal labels in the first cue were again presented visually.And then the participant was asked to retrieve an event of the personal past that related to this cue.The autobiographical memory retrieval time began with the disappearance of the stimuli and ended in events recalled,which was controlled by the participant with a button press.The results showed an interference effect on autobiographical memory retrieval time in the label condition[F(1,42) =6.56,p<.05]and the incongruent odor condition[F(1,42) =22.15,p<. 01]but no effect in the congruent odor condition[F(1,42) =.96,p>.05].Experiment 2 was conducted according to a 2(odor identification rate)×2(the type of interference task) repeated measure design.The procedure was similar to that of Experiment 1 except for that participants were asked to determine what the odor was at the end of the retrieval,and the memories were recorded by the recorder.The result found that there were interference effects on autobiographical events retrieval time in the high or low odor identification rate[F(1,18) =28.14,p<.01].The results revealed that there is a decision-making phase of odor identification in the Proust phenomenon.Odor semantic representations activated by odor and odor identification facilitated the dual processing mechanism of autobiographical memory retrieval.This study changes the previous viewpoint based on the odor autobiographical memory cue retrieval mechanism,and proposed that odor semantic representations activated by odor and odor identification facilitate the dual processing mechanism of autobiographical memory retrieval.For example,Experiment 1 showed that an interference effect on autobiographical memory retrieval time in incongruent odor cues,and in the past direct retrieval mechanism was difficult to explain but dual processing provided a new theoretical interpretation for this result.Additionally,data coding analysis for the content of autobiographical events in Experiment 2 indicated that identified odor-cued autobiographical memory episodes were more specific and vivid than unidentified odor-cued ones.Dual-process could give an available explanation for this result and previous researches.更多还原