【摘要】 研究基于不同任务的自我参照效应对探讨儿童自我—他人的区分有重要意义。本研究使用三个实验探讨了4～9岁儿童出现自我参照效应的时间。研究操纵了由自我所有权和自我参照评价引发的两种自我意识:以物体为基础的自我意识和以概念为基础的自我意识。实验1用所属物的类别任务、实验2和实验3使用特质评价任务进行测量。结果表明:(1)5岁儿童记自己的物品比别人更多,表明儿童能以物体为基础区分自我与他人;(2)7岁儿童出现对自己人格特质形容词的记忆优势,表明儿童能以概念为基础区分自我与他人。研究结果证明了在儿童区分自我与他人的过程中,自我所有权为基础和自我参照评价为基础的自我意识存在明显的分离。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research on when children can show self-reference effect has significant meaning for the exploration of self-other differentiation. This research was composed of three experiments, with children of age 4-9 as participants,to explore the age stage that self-reference effect appeared. We manipulated two types of self- awareness that were elicited by self-ownership and self-referential evaluation: object-based awareness and concept- based awareness. They were measured in a belonging categorization task (Experiment 1) and a trait evaluation task (Experiment 2 and 3) ,separately. The findings revealed: (a) Children as young as age five displayed an advantage in remembering their own belongings relative to other’s belongings,which suggested at this stage children can differentiate self from others in the object-based condition; (b) Children aged seven showed self-advantage in remembering the trait adjectives evaluated in reference to themselves relative to familiar others,which suggested children can differentiate self from others in the concept-based condition. These results demonstrated a clear dissociable contribution between self-ownership and self-reference evaluation in young children’s differentiating self from others.更多还原