【摘要】 在过去的一个世纪中,美国城市规划者以社区规划为尺度和规划手段来应对复杂的社会问题。本文回顾美国百年以来社区规划历程及演变,关注改变社区物质环境来服务于宏观社会目标。本文综述了六种对规划领域产生重要影响的社区规划形式。佩里的邻里单元模式,为规划者提供了设计好社区的模板,并且引入了社区设计能够影响社区感的概念。城市更新计划,让规划者理解了采取空间途径解决社会问题的局限性,并且认识到邻里社会网络的重要价值及社区居民参与的重要性。社区行动计划为市民参与提供了新的形式,但也表现出一定的局限性,社区行动计划也引入了真正综合的再开发规划。社区经济发展,展示了社区规划及其实施活动能成功地委派给社区组织。市政府支持的社区规划为近来提升的市民参与提供了良好的机制。而最新的社区规划形式,将关注点转向了鼓励步行、利用公共交通、促进社会交往以及创造社区感。回顾美国百年来社区规划的启示在于,它使规划者关注邻里设计是怎样影响城市宜居性和社会行为的,如何在规划制定过程中将市民参与制度化,以及如何在物质开发的基础上考虑社会、经济、政治和环境等相关话题。进入21世纪,社区规划比以往任何时候都更重要,因为它除了传统上关注贫困和社会歧视等社会平等话题之外,更结合城市面临的新挑战,强调融入能源保护、减少温室气体排放等新视角。更多还原

【Abstract】 Over the past 100 years,city planners have used neighborhood planning to address a variety of comprehensive social problems.This Paper reviews the literature on neighborhood planning in the United States,focusing on altering the physical environment of one or more neighborhoods in pursuit of larger social objectives.Each of the six forms of neighborhood planning discussed in this article has made important contributions to the planning profession.Perry’s neighborhood unit formula provided planners with a template for good neighborhood design and introduced the idea that neighborhood design could affect the sense of community.Urban renewal taught the profession about the limits of physical solutions to social problems,the precious nature of neighborhood social networks and the importance of involving citizens.The community action programs created a new norm for citizen participation and showed its limits,as well as introducing truly comprehensive redevelopment planning.Community economic development showed that some planning and implementation activities can be successfully delegated to community-based organizations.Municipal neighborhood planning provided a mechanism for ongoing citizen involvement.The most recent forms of neighborhood planning create neighborhoods that encourage walking,use of mass transit,social interaction,and a sense of community.Neighborhood planning programs have made a number of important contributions and implications to the planning profession,including focusing attention on how neighborhood design influences urban livability and social behaviors,institutionalizing citizen participation in plan making,and going beyond physical development to address social,economic,political,and environmental issues.Neighborhood planning is currently more important than ever,as it now addresses global issues such as energy conservation and greenhouse gas emissions in addition to its historic focus on social equity issues such as poverty and social alienation.更多还原