【摘要】 自然环境是人类赖以生存最重要的资源。然而,人类活动,尤其是20世纪中叶以来,已经造成生态环境毒性物质浓度增加;碳、氮元素的生物地理化学循环,正在逐渐远离它们的动力学稳定状态;土壤是地球生态系统的关键环节,却存在植被、物种多样性和人类农业生产的支撑功能正在下降等严重问题。生物生态学和化学热力学分析表明,解决资源耗尽、废物充斥和环境污染的问题,材料流的封闭循环利用模式可获得良好效果。工业生态学的策略认为,对环境危害大的材料(如重金属)应设法禁止使用;切实将从废物中要资源的理念付诸于行动;对杀虫剂、化肥等耗散型产品,应尽量不用或少用,所有耗散型产品必须对人类和环境无害。作为人类社会需求和维持地球生命支撑功能的理想方法,工业生态学是21世纪生产、消费唯一可行的方法。更多还原

【Abstract】 The natural environment is the major resource media for the subsistence of humanity.However,human activities since the middle of the twenty century have increased the concentration of toxic substances in the world.In the natural ecosystems,the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle are gradually changing the atmosphere from its steady state.Soil is the key link of terrestrial ecosystems and it is also threatened.Environmental threats to the soil system come from agriculture,industry and over population,which causes destruction of vegetated land and biodiversity.Threats to the system include the direct degradation of the capacity of soil to support agricultural production,primarily through erosion and contaminate.According to chemical thermodynamics and biological ecology analysis,the pattern of enclosed cyclic of materials flows should acquire good effect for solving the problems of used-up resources those glutted with waste and environmental pollution.A normative strategy has been proposed for resource choice and recycling to meet the criteria of sustainability.Moreover the availability of raw materials and energy from renewable resources should not interfere with food production.In the strategy of industrial ecology,materials(e.g.heavy metals) that world seriously harm environmental should not be used.New ideas to obtain resources from wastes should be encouraged.It is important to realize that many types of waste are actually misplaced assets that must be seen as potential economic ones rather than something needs to be removed by using any means available.Dissipative products should,if possible,not to use or use few.In a perfect world,all consumer products(ammunition,pesticides,detergent,lubricant or solvents) should be biodegradable or abiotic degradable,non-bioaccumulative,non-carcinogenic,non-teratogenic,non-mutagenic,and(in used concentration) non-toxic to environment and to human beings.In industrial production sustainability must be achieved,but keep in mind that business will fail unless a minimum margin profit is guaranteed.Our position is that the ability to reach a sustainable state that ensures the welfare of future people should be an ethical constraint and full of creativity.Industrial ecology as a concept is an idea whose time has come.Its implementation is not eased,and considerable codification of techniques remains to be done.Notwithstanding its complexities and difficulties,it is clear that industrial ecology is the only way that 21st century engineering will be done.This is a certain choice for societal sustainable.更多还原