【摘要】 徐桐以汉军起家翰林,同光两朝,深受慈禧倚重,官至体仁阁大学士。徐桐基于"夷夏之辨"而反对外国侵略,维护清朝统治,从而萌发了自强观念。同治十二年徐桐首次请求皇上"专意修攘为自强计",光绪二十一—二十三年徐桐支持清廷通过自强而弭祸患的主张,反对资产阶级的变法维新。徐桐的自强观基本上沿袭了传统儒术经常之规,博得同治帝的赞赏,受到光绪帝的冷落。更多还原

【Abstract】 Xu Tong is an officer and scholar from the royal academy,and very popular with Dowager Cixi.Xu Tong serves the two emperors of Tongzhi and Guangxu.Xu is committed to the opposition of foreign invasions for the sake of the rule by Qing,so the self-strengthening is developed.In the 12th year of Tongzhi Emperor,Xu Tong pleads for building borders as a defense.During 20th through 23rd year of Guangxu Emperor,Xu Tong supports the royal concept of the defense by self-strengthening,and opposes the bourgeoise reforms.Xu Tong gains praise of Tongzhi Emperor,but snub from Guangxu Emperor.更多还原