【摘要】 秦汉以后,农村中由地方豪强控制政治经济,很多人只是农奴身份,即便是自耕农也受到很大的压制。所发生的社会动乱,以及改朝换代的主导是权臣和地方豪强。土地制度改革也是由统治者主导进行的。到宋代较普遍的实行了佃耕制,出现了许多庶族地主。土地零细化,土地买卖频繁,劳动力自由化,大量的雇工出现。而失掉土地的农民成为流民或半流民,造成社会的严重问题,农民起义由此而频繁发生。但一千多年来"千年田换八百主"不断的更换土地主人,依然保持佃耕制,直到近、现代工商业的发展,才促成土地改革。两者的主要土地问题差异:前者是朝廷与豪强争夺编户,土地改革目的是抑制豪强;后者是流民丧失土地,要均平土地权力。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the Qing and Han Dynasties,the local despots controlled the politics and e- conomy in the countryside,and many people were nothing more than serfdom.Even if the dirt farmers were suppressed deeply.The dominant actors of social tempests and dynastic changes were powerful and imperious officials and local despots.The land system reform was dominated by the governors.Up to Song Dynasty,the system of renting land for farming was carried out widely,many commoner-landlords occurred.The land was divided to plots, and purchasing and selling land became continual.The labor force became free and a great deal of employees occurred.The peasants who lost land became refugees or semi refugees, causing serious problems to the society and resulting in frequent peasant uprising.Whereas, it has been more than one thousand years"one thousand-year land changed to eight hundred owners"changed the land owners constantly,the system of renting-land for farming was still maintained.Until recent and modern times,the development of commercial industries promoted land reform.The main differences of land problem between the two were:the for- mer was that the courts scrabbled for grouped families with despots.The purpose of land re- form was to constrain despots;the latter is that refugees lost land,and land right was aver- aged.更多还原