【摘要】 大多数固体材料都具有弹性,但真实的固体却极少严格遵从弹性的虎克定律。这些固体材料的变形往往有对时间的依赖性,这种性质是流变学研究的内容。岩石是自然界最普遍的固体,它的力学性质在通常条件下可用虎克定律作精确的描述,而在漫长的地质过程中,岩石的流变特征就逐渐显现出来。地质作用越缓慢,岩石对变形时间的依赖性越明显。为精确描述岩石在地质过程的力学性质,流变学方法被引入地质学。笔者已经介绍过描述"牛顿流体"的马克斯威尔流变模型,文中介绍描述粘弹性固体的开尔文流变模型。和马克斯威尔模型一样,开尔文模型也是流变学的基本模型,它是由一个弹性元件和一个阻尼元件并联而成。文中给出开尔文模型的本构关系和地质应用的简介。更多还原

【Abstract】 Most solid materials behave elastically, but the real solids rarely behave exactly according to the elastic Hook’s law. It is often found that the solid deformations are time dependent. This behavior is studied in rheology. Rocks are the common solid materials in nature, and their mechanical behavior can be described exactly by Hook’s law under general condition. Under a long period of time condition such as in a geological process the rocks present their rheological behavior gradually. The slower the geological process is, the more obvious the time dependent behavior of the rock is. For accurately describing rock mechanical behavior in a geological process the rheology analysis has been used in geology. The authors have introduced a rheological model, the Maxwell model, describing the materials with the behavior of a Newtonian liquid, and now we introduce another rheological model, the Kelvin model, describing the materials with the behavior of a viscoelastic solid. The same as the Maxwell model, the Kelvin model is also a basic rheological model. The Kelvin model is built up with an elastic unit and a dashpot unit in parallel arrangement. The constitutive equation for the model and its application in geology are given briefly here in this paper.更多还原