【摘要】 在调查挠力河流域龙头桥水库的设计参数和运行方式的基础上,利用宝清和菜咀子两个水文站实测的水位和流量等观测数据,研究了龙头桥水库建设与运行对坝址下游(宝清水文站和菜咀子水文站之间)湿地的水文过程影响。龙头桥水库对坝址下游湿地水文过程的影响主要为:①使湿地径流量季节性变化幅度减小;②使河流湿地冰封期连底冻现象发生频率增加,特别是从1999年开始,出现了4月份河流连底冻现象,并且1999~2006年期间12月份河流连底冻现象的发生频率高达87.5%;③减少了进入湿地的径流总量;④使河流湿地的地表水位下降;⑤减少了河流湿地的地下水补充量;⑥水库对湿地水文过程影响带来了一些负面生态效应,如进入湿地的营养物质减少,湿地生物的越冬环境受到破坏等。建议在每年4月、9~12月期间,龙头桥水库增加向下游的放水量,并保证水流流量不小于3 m3/s;减少挠力河流域上游水田种植面积,将水库在灌溉和发电方面的功能主要转换为防洪和下游湿地生态水量调节。更多还原

【Abstract】 Longtouqiao reservoir and its hydrological and ecological effects on downstream wetlands in the Naoli River Basin were investigated, based on the design parameters and operation patterns of the reservoir,observed data from Baoqing and Caizuizi hydrometric stations in the Noli River Basin.The range of study region is 46 20′N-47°13′N and 132°15′E-133°20′E between Baoqing Station in the upper course of the Naoli River that is a mountain-marsh river in the Sanjiang Plain and Caizuizi Station in the lower course.The dam of Longtouqiao reservoir is located at 46°02′N and 133°00′E,with a total reservoir volume of 0.614 6 billion m3.The results showed that the influences of Longtouqiao reservoir on the downstream wetland hydrological processes in the Naoli River basin mainly included that ①magnitude of seasonal change of wetland runoff decreases;②due to construction and run of the reservoir,the phenomena of river to be fully frozen from bottom to top have occurred in April since 1999;Occurrence frequency of the phenomena happened in December was 87.5% during the periods of 1999 to 2006;However,according to the data from Baoqing hydrometric station,the phenomena happened for only 4 years in December from 1961to1998 and the occurrence frequency was 10.5%;③run of the reservoir decreases total runoff amount into the wetlands;④construction of the reservoir reduces surface water table of the river wetlands;⑤construction of the reservoir decreases supply of ground water of the river wetlands.The side ecological effects of the reservoir influences on wetland hydrological processes are that ①construction of the reservoir decreases nutrient to be brought by water into the wetlands;②succession of wetland vegetation changes toward drought tendency due to water shortage of the wetlands;③environment change threatens that aquatic-species in the wetlands live through the winter after construction of the reservoir,and endangers food-chain stability of the wetlands.Based on the requirements of wetland hydrological and ecological processes,it is recommend that the reservoir should release more water into downstream river course in April,September,October, November and December each year,and at least 3 m3/s of discharge should be ensured;in combination with the irrigation project plan in the Sanjiang plain,the cultivation area of paddy filed in upper reaches of the Naoli River Basin should be decreased;the function of irrigation and power generation of the reservoir should be weakened,and the contribution of the wetlands to the adjustment of ecological water requirements should be enhanced.更多还原