【摘要】 以3个品质类型春小麦品种的施肥和播期试验为基础,通过建立籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态的拟合方程,定量揭示籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态及氮磷肥与气象条件的影响效应。结果表明,灌浆期籽粒蛋白质含量随时间动态变化的普遍规律符合一元三次多项式曲线,即呈自开花始先降低后升高的单谷曲线变化。氮磷肥与气象条件的影响及基因型差异通过方程特征量而体现。氮水平增加,高蛋白品种蛋白质含量增加,动态曲线谷值和峰值均明显提高且出现时间分别提前和推后。磷水平增加,高蛋白强筋品种蛋白质含量降低,高蛋白中筋品种则增加;高蛋白品种谷值和峰值均提高且出现时间推迟。低蛋白品种蛋白质含量随氮磷肥变化不明显且幅度很小。在没有水分胁迫的情况下,光温互作是影响籽粒蛋白质含量动态形成的首要因子,其次为降水;而气温日较差则为最敏感因子。较高光温条件互作前提下,增加灌浆期温度日较差使高蛋白品种蛋白质含量提高,低蛋白品种则降低。高蛋白相比于低蛋白品种更易受氮磷水平和气象条件影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat grain protein content depends on the genotype used and the environmental factors. Soil fertility and meteorological conditions are important environmental factors. The effects of N and P application and meteorological conditions on mature grain protein content have been reported in the literature, but the effects on protein content during grain filling are less known. In the present paper, the field experiments of N and P application and sowing by stages in Harbin in 2002 were used to investigate the dynamic pattern in grain protein content and how it is affected by the N and P levels and meteorological conditions during grain filling. The three genotypes of spring wheat of differing quality included a high protein - rich gluten - low yield genotype （Wildcat）,a high protein - medium gluten - high yield genotype （DN7742）and a low protein - poor gluten - high yield genotype（NKH9）. The N and P application experiments included F1 （N: 225 kg/hm², P₂O₅: 450 kg/hm²）, F2 （N: 300 kg/hm², P₂O₅: 300 kg/hm²）, F3 （N: 300 kg/hm², P₂O₅: 450 kg/hm²） and F4 （N: 300 kg/hm², P₂O₅: 600 kg/hm²） treatments. The least squares method was used to finish the curve fitting of the dynamic pattern in the grain filling protein content. The results showed that the dynamic changes in grain protein content with the number of days after anthesis could be fitted with a third-order concave curve,and the effects of genotypes and environmental factors on the grain protein content formation dynamic could be expressed by the characteristic variables of the curve equation. With the increase in nitrogen during grain filling, the protein content of the high protein genotypes increased, the peak and valley values of the dynamic curve rose significantly, and the valleys occurred earlier while the peaks occurred later. With the increase in phosphorus, the grain protein content decreased in the high protein - rich gluten genotype but increased in the high protein - medium gluten genotype; and the extreme values in the high protein genotype rose and the dates of the extreme values were postponed generally. Protein content in the low protein - poor gluten genotype varied weakly with the nitrogen and phosphorus application. F2 and F3, and F3 were the levels and ratios of the highest protein content for the high protein - rich gluten and high protein - medium gluten genotypes, respectively. A rational ratio and level of nitrogen and phosphorus application were key to elevate the grain protein content during grain filling. Under the condition of moderate rainfall, the interaction of temperature and sunlight was the predominant factor affecting the dynamic formation of grain protein for different genotypes, and rainfall was the second factor; the diurnal temperature range was the most sensitive factor influencing its dynamic formation. The interaction of higher sunlight and temperature was the basis for the formation of higher grain protein content during grain filling in which the enhancement of the diurnal temperature range could elevate the grain protein content in the high protein genotype but reduce it in the low protein genotype. The high protein genotype had a much higher sunlight and temperature endurance than the low protein genotype. The high protein genotype was affected more easily by the N and P application than by the meteorological conditions, but the low protein genotype was affected more obviously by the meteorological conditions than by the N and P application. In general, the high protein genotype was affected more easily by the nitrogen and phosphorus levels and meteorological conditions than the low protein genotype.更多还原