【摘要】 碳元素是自然界中存在的与人类最密切相关、最重要的元素之一 ,它具有 sp,sp2 sp3杂化的多样的电子轨道特性。再加之 sp2 的异向性而导致晶体的各向异性 ,因此以碳元素为唯一构成元素的碳材料具有各式各样的性质 ,并且新碳素相和新型碳材料还不断被发现和人工制得。事实上 ,没有任何元素能像碳这样作为单一元素可形成像三维金刚石晶体、二维石墨层片、一维卡宾和碳纳米管、零维富勒烯分子等如此之多的结构与性质完全不同的物质。可以说碳材料几乎包括了地球上所有物质所具有的特性 ,如最硬 -最软、绝缘体 -半导体 -导体、绝热 -良导热、全吸光 -全透光 ,因此受到科技工作者的极大关注更多还原

【Abstract】 Carbon is one of the most important elements and is most closely related to us.It has SP,SP 2 and SP 3 hybridiazed and various electron orbit characteristics which,together with the orient performance of SP 2,make the crystals anisotropic.That’s why carbon materials which take carbon element as unique constituent have various characteristics.New carbon phase and new carbon materials are discovered and synthesized now and then.In fact,there is no other element than carbon to form matters with so many structure forms and so varied characteristics as 3-dimention diamond crystal,2-dimention graphite,one-dimention carbon and nano carbon tube as well as zero-dimention C 60.We can say that carbon contains characteristics of nearly all the matters on the earth,such as:the greatest hardness,the greatest softness,insulation-semiconducting-conducting,heat insulation-heat conducting,full light-absorbing,full-transparent,thus attracting intense attention of scientists and engineers.更多还原