【摘要】 道尔顿的原子论是近代化学史上的一项划时代的成就 ,但是它存在着一个自身不能克服的内在矛盾 ,即道尔顿把化合物的“原子”称为“复杂原子” .这一矛盾的外化 ,导致产生了“半个原子”的问题 .为了解决“半个原子”的矛盾问题 ,阿佛加德罗在盖·吕萨克的实验基础上 ,进行了科学合理的推论 ,引入了分子概念 ,提出了分子假说 ,初步解决了“半个原子”的矛盾问题 .在此基础上 ,坎尼扎罗完成了科学的“原子 -分子”理论体系 ,最终完善地解决了“半个原子”矛盾问题 .本文通过对“半个原子”矛盾问题的形成、提出和解决过程的历史考察 ,总结出了科学发展的几点规律性的结论 .更多还原

【Abstract】 J. Dalton’s theory of atom was an epoch-making achievement in the modern history of chemistry,but it had an inherent contradiction that was not resolved by itself,namely,the "atom of compounds" was called as "complex atom" by J. Dalton. The contradiction’s extroversion of J. Dalton’s theory of atom resulted in the contradictive problem of "half-atom". In order to resolve the contradictive problem of "half-atom",A. Avogadro carried through scientific and reasonable deduction on the basis of J. L. Gay-Lussac’s experiments,and put forward the hypothesis of molecule through introducing the concept of "molecule",thus A. Avogadro initially resolved the contradictive problem of "half-atom". on this basis,S. Cannizzaro completed the scientific theory of "atom-molecule",and raveled finally out the contradictive problem of "half-atom". This paper reviews the history of forming,advancing and resolving on the contradictive problem of "half-atom",and summarizes some disciplinarian conclusions on the development of science.更多还原