【摘要】 [目的 ]调查分析上海市急性职业中毒发生情况及环境危险因素 ,提出管理对策。 [方法 ]对上海市 1992～1999年间发生的 195起急性职业中毒事故进行流行病学调查分析。 [结果 ] 1992～ 1999年上海市发生的 195起急性职业中毒事故共造成 44 5人中毒 ,5 8人死亡 ,病死率 13 .0 %。季节分布上以夏秋季为最多 ,合占 60 .0 % ;时段分布上有集中于8∶0 0～ 16∶0 0 ,上班后 0～ 1h的倾向。引起急性职业中毒的毒物涉及 5 0多种 ,窒息性气体引起的中毒起数最多 ,为 83起 ,造成 188人中毒 ,3 3人死亡。在工种分布上共涉及 40多个工种 ,以机修 /抢修工人发生急性中毒的最多 ,为 3 2起。中毒发生的原因 ,以设备发生跑、冒、滴、漏 ,没有个人防护设备及不使用个人防护用品或使用不当等原因最为多见。 [结论 ]急性职业中毒由多种因素造成 ,只有采取加强企业管理、加强监管重点毒物和重点行业 ,加强对职工的卫生安全培训 ,及加大监督处罚力度等综合措施 ,才能有效预防急性职业中毒的发生更多还原

【Abstract】 Objective To study the situation of acute occupational poisoning in Shanghai,and to explore environmental risk factors and human factors of occupational poisoning for putting forward supervision countermeasures.[Methods] To carry out epidemiological investigation and analyze 195 acute occupational poisoning events occurred in Shanghai during the period 1992～1999.[Results] During 1992～1999,there were 195 acute occupational poisoning events with 445 workers poisoned and 58 workers died,and the letality rate was 13.0%.The events more occurred in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. The events tended to occur at day time 8∶00～16∶00,especially 0～1 hour after workers started work.There were more than 50 chemicals which caused these poisoning events,and the most events were due to asphyxiating gases with 188 workers injured and 33 workers died. The most common types of work involved were rush-repair and machine repair. As to the poisoning causes concerned,leakage from machine or pipe and lack of effective personal protection device were the leading causes for acute occupational poisoning. [Conclusion] Acute occupational poisonings are caused by many environmental and human factors,and the prevention and control of occupational poisoning should require a comprehensive approach including strengthening the management of enterprises,laing emphasis on the key industries,enforcing of safety training and health promotion as well as enhancing the supervision and punishment.更多还原