【摘要】 对小麦染色体组的起源及其进化进行了全面综述后，提出了一个新的小麦进化途径，并认为：（１）Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍｍｏｎｏｃｏｃｕｍｖａｒｕｒａｒｔｕ是多倍体小麦Ａ组的原初供体，在Ａ组进入多倍体小麦后有Ｔｍｏｎｏｖａｒｂｏｅｏｔｉｃｕｍ的基因渗入；（２）Ｂ和Ｇ组的原初供体是Ｔｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ的Ｓ组，在该Ｓ组进入多倍体小麦后有两个进化方向，即Ｓ组结构分化形成Ｇ组和Ｓ组经外源染色体代换及重组等而进化成Ｂ组；（３）Ｔｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｍ和Ｔｔｉｍｏｐｈｅｖｉ都是来自Ｔｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ为母本与Ｔｍｏｎｏｖａｒｕｒａｒｔｕ杂交后并双二倍化而形成的原初四倍体小麦（ＳＳＡＡ），并由它分别经遗传渗入和结构分化而成；（４）Ｔｚｈｕｋｏｖｓｋｙｉ是Ｔｔｉｍｏｐｈｅｖｉ作母本与Ｔｍｏｎｏｖａｒｂｏｅｏｔｉｃｕｍ杂交并双二倍化而形成，故它具有分别来自Ｔｍｏｎｏｖａｒｕｒａｒｔｕ和Ｔｍｏｎｏｖａｒｂｏｅｏｔｉｃｕｍ的两类Ａ组；（５）Ｔａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ的Ｄ组来自Ｔｔａｕｓｃｈｉ；（６）无论Ａ组、Ｂ组、Ｄ组、Ｇ组在进入多倍体小麦后均有相当分化，同时在其供体种中也有一定分化。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the total review of the origin and evolution of wheat genomes, a new path of wheat evolution was suggested That is, 1, T monococcum var urartu was the initial donor of the A genome of polyploid wheat, and after the A genome entered polyploid wheat, there was the introgression of T mono var boeoticum 2, T speltoides was the initial donor of the B and G genome of polyploid wheat; After the S genome of T speltoides entered polyploid wheat, he had two different directions of evolution, that is, the S genome changing into G genome through the differentiation of chromosomal organization and the S genome evoluting into B genome through foreign chromosomal substitution and recombination etc 3, T turgidum and T timopheevii may all have been originated from initial tetraploid wheat (SSAA) through natural hybridization between T speltoides as female parent and T mono var urartu as male parent and amphidiploidization as well 4, T zhukovskyi was produced through natural hybridization between T timopheevii as female parent and T mono var boeoticum and amphidiploidization as well, so he had two groups of A genomes from T mono var urartu and T mono var boeoticum respectively 5, The D genome of T aestivum was from T tauschii 6, A, B, D, or G genomes were differentiated much in polyploid wheats and their donor species更多还原