【摘要】 印度虽是多雨国家,但受水分胁迫的旱地占有相当大的面积,旱地农业产品在全国农业产品中占有相当大的比重。印度旱地农业存在着水分胁迫和土壤胁迫两个严重问题。降水量少,分布不匀,变率大以及季风雨早晚不定,使旱地作物生产受到严重的影响;土壤侵蚀严重,保水力差,肥力不高及盐化更加剧了这一矛盾。解决水分胁迫和土壤胁迫贯穿着印度旱地农业生产的始终。采用各种措施保土蓄水,如因地利形,应用不同的蓄水耕作方法;把造成水土流失的径流水收集起来,用于农业生产的集水种植;增强蓄水,防止蒸发,蒸腾损失的改土、覆盖、除草等传统的和改进的农业措施,在印度旱地农业生产中曾经并仍然起着非常重要的作用。充分利用贮水,如选用抗旱作物、间作套种、增加复种指数、应用适于异常气候的栽培制度、减少作物密度、改善营养条件等,有效地发挥了旱地农业的增产潜力。广开水源,采用滴灌,在关健时期灌水,减少水量、扩大灌溉面积等一系列的节水灌溉措施。使有限的可资灌溉的水源得到了较好利用。特别重要的是,近来在热带干旱地区发展起来的农林耕作制度,主要是林草间作与林粮间作,不仅能利用旱地条件,减少风险,生产多种产品,而且能保持水土,防止土壤退化,建立良好的生态平衡系统。这一制度,对于干旱地区,特别是干旱地区的更多还原

【Abstract】 Although India has plenty of rain,the drylands suffering from water stress occupy alarge area,which produces a high proportion of agricultural products of the country.Theunprecedented increases in human population have had and will have higher demands onthe dryland farming.As drylands in other countries in the world,the drylands in India also have two seri-ous constraints:water stress and soil stress.Less precipitation,uneven distribution,greatvariation and the uncertainty of monsoon greatly influence the agricultural production;soft erosion,low soft water holding capacity and low soil fertility,and salinization spread-ing make the problem more serious.Solving water stress and soil stress is carried out all the time on the dryloands for pro-duction.Adoption of various soil tillage for conservaion of water and soil,waterharverting from different catchments for irrigation as well as for storing in lands forcrops to be grown,improvements of soil for holding more water,and mulching and hoe-ing soil for decreasing water loss by evapotranspiration have played and will play a greatrole in agricultural production of drylands in India.Full utilization of water stored insoil,such as adopting drought-resistant crops,intercropping,increasing crop intensities,changing cropping system in order to fit the unnormal climate,reducing plant densityand improving nurtient supplying capacity of the soils bring the productive potentials ofthe drylands into full play.Broad exploitation of water resourcos,adopting drip irriga-tion,irrigating at critical time,reducing irrigated water rate of a unit but expanding irri-gated lands make the limited water resources better used.Of the developed techniques,the most important one is the agro-forestry system,mainly silvipasture or silvi-pastoralsystem and alley cropping syatem,developed recently on the tropics areas.These systemscan not only make full use of the dryland condition,reduce productive risks,produce va-rious products such as grain,forage and fuel as well as timber,but also conserve soil andwater,protect soil against deterioration and create a better ecological balance system.These systems have established a new way for rational use of drylands,especially formargin areas of drylands,such as gullies,slopes,watersheds,hills,mountains and deserts.更多还原