【摘要】 天然地表水的基本化学组分不仅反映了积水区域内的自然环境特征、而且决定了水体的主要化学性质。水化学基本组分取决于积水区内大气降水中的溶解物质和土壤岩石的风化侵蚀可溶性产物。对昆明的滇池、大理的洱海、蒙自的长桥海和大屯海、以及黔中地区的水库群等若干高原湖泊水库水化学组分的研究表明:大气降水来源对各地区地表水基本组分影响不大;黔中地区化学风化速率受酸性降水的影响比洱海、滇池、蒙自地区略高;在同一积水盆地,淋溶区化学风化速率较聚积区高;同一流域水体,随积水区域面积的增大,化学风化速率不断增大;人为活动的强度对化学风化速率有极为显著的影响,直接改变了水体中Cl^-、Na⁺、和K⁺三种基本组分的含量;黔中水库群的三氮总量比洱海、滇池、长桥海和大屯海高出近十倍;N³⁺作为硝化和反硝化过程的中间产物,在三氮总量中所占比例可以作为判断水体污染程度的指标;黔中水体中磷含量较云南湖水高一个数量级;水体氧化性指标〔Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺〕和〔DO/COD〕与污染程度有一定关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The chemical composition of natural surface water not only reflects the characteristics of natural environment in the area of standing water, but also deter -mines the main chemical properties of the water body. The basic hydrochemical composition is dependent on the dissolved matters in meteoric water and on the dissolvable matters in soils and rocks during weathering and erosion. The investigation on hydrochemical compositions of several plateau lakes and reservoirs (say, Dianchi Lake in Kunming, Erhai Lake in Dali, Changqiaohai Lake and Datun Lake in Mengzi, as well as swarms of reservoirs in Central Guizhou Province) indicates that: 1 ) Only a little influence on the basic composition of surface water is imposed by the meteoric water; 2 ) The chemical weathering rate in Central Guizhou is more affected by acid rain than the areas of Erhai, Dianchi and Mengzi; 3) Within a same standing water basin, the chemical. weathering rate in teaching-dissolving area is higher than that in accumulation area;4)For water bodies associated with a same river valley, the chemical weat hering rate increases with increasing area of standing water; 5 ) The intensity of human activities plays an extremely considerable influence on the chemical weathering rate, resulting in a direct change of the concentrations of the 3 basic components,namely, Cl-, Na+ and K+, in water bodies; 6) The total concentration of so-called "three sorts of nitrogen" (i. e. , nitrogen of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia) in the swarms of reservoirs in Central Guizhou is 10 tiroes higher than in Erhai Lake, Dianchi Lake, Changqiaohai Lake and Datun Lake in Yunnan province. The ratio of N3+ over the total "three sorts of nitrogen" can be used as an indicator of pollution degree of water bo dies, because N3+ is an intermittent product during the processes of nitrification and denitri-fication; 7)Phosphorus content in water bodies in Central Guizhou is one magnitude higher than that in lakes in Yunnan Province; 8 ) The oxidation indices (Fe3+//Fe2+) and (DO/COD) show a certain correlation with the degree of pollution.更多还原