【摘要】 本文把全世界的15种鹤,加以全面的系统检索。对鹤类不仅从其外观形态特征,而且从比较解剖及声调等,进行检索。这样做,认为还是首次的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Taxonomy of cranes is mainly based on the coloration of their plumage and the feathering condition of their head and neck. We are of the opinion that a sound classification is not only based on external features but should also take tracheal coiling and sonagraphic characteristics into consideration. There are so far recorded 15 species of cranes in the world, and this paper based on the principles mentioned above presents systematic keys to all of the crane species.Family GruidaeKey to subfamiliesTuft of bristles on nape; nostrils oval; no tracheal coiling............BalearicinaeNo tuft of bristles on nape; nostrils linear; trachea coiled or showing indications of coiling by contact with dorsal side of sternum................................. Gruinae(Ⅰ) Subfamily BalearicinaeGeneral color above black; bare sides of face particoloured, dorsal half of cheek patch white, ventral half pinkish; small red wattles on lower throat; single syllable call honk ................................................... Balearica pavoninaGeneral color above grey; bare sides of the face white with a line of red on dorsalmargin; larger red throat wattles; double syllable call "ka-wonk" ................................................................................................ B. regulorum(Ⅱ) Subfamily GruinaeI. Crown completely. feathered; tertials lanceolate and elongated; trachea making one coil into sternum; calls low grating ....................................... Anthropoides1. Iris crimson; ear coverts in the form of a tuft of long, silky plumes; feathers of the lower fore-neck much lengthened, falling over breast; tertials somewhat lengthened; above plumage greyish.......................................... A. virgo2. Iris dark brown; ear coverts consisting of dense plumes; feathers of fore-neck not lengthened; tertials much lengthened, almost touching the ground; plumage largely bluish-grey............................................................A. paradisesⅡ. Grown feathered, bare red skin from forehead to nostril; bill long and poworful; trachea slightly touching dorsal side of sternum; calls high-pitched...... Bugeranus1. General colour above dark ashy-grey, turning to black from rump to tail;throat with two white-feathered lappets ..................... B. carunculatus2. General colour above and below white with black primaries; no lappets onsides of throat......................................................B. leucogeranusⅢ. Bare skin on sides or/and top of head; long coiling trachea in sternum; longelaborate unison calls with marked difference between calls and postures ofmale and female............................................................... GrusA. Bare skin on top and sides of head to level of eyes ................................................................................. Subgenus Canadends G. canadensisB. Bare skin on sides of head....................................Subgenus Mathewsens1. Legs black; blackish sac under chin.............................. G, rubicundaLegs pinkish; no gular sac .........................................................22. Nape white.................................................................. G. vipioBare red skin from nape extending down upper neck............ G. antigoneC. Red on top of head extending to occipital area; tracheal coiling mostextensive...................................................... Subgenus Americana1. General colour grey..................................................................2General colour white or whitish tinted with light grey........................32. Throat dark grey or black; neck grey with a broad white stripe............................................................................................. G. grusThroat and neck white or light grey.................................G. monacha3. General colour light grey; dull red bare skin on crown; a patch of feathersbelow and behind the eye white; rest of head and neck black; tailblack............................................................... G. nigricollisGeneral colour lar更多还原