【摘要】 毁灭性的大地震是一种极可怕的天灾。在古代,地震被列为“灾祥”事件,是获罪于天的惩罚。科学发达后,人们逐步在认识地震。在地震发生前后,人们不同程度地采取了一些预测预防和救灾的措施和方法,减轻了灾害的损失。地震对策的任务就是最大限度地减少地震造成的伤亡和损失,即根据不同国家的情况,研究减轻地震灾害、以获取最大社会效益和经济效益的最佳战略和战术。它包括震前预测和预防、震时和震后早期救灾措施和震后晚期恢复重建三个方面的内容。地震对策必须考虑两个方面的问题,一是地震本身的运动特征及其所造成的直接破坏;二是人与社会对地震灾害的反应,即“地震社会学”。这二者都是亟需长期深入研究的科研课题。由于地震的科学预测尚未成熟,地震对策还是一个新课题,尚需积累更多的经验,作更深入的研究。本书借助于半经验的研究,总结了我国近20年来减轻地震灾害方面的经验,较系统地提出震前预测和预防、震后救灾和恢复重建等方面的地震对策,它是我国第一部地震对策的论述,是开展防震救灾工作的实用参考书。更多还原

【Abstract】 Great destructive earthquakes are a kind of extremely dreadful natural disaster.In ancient times,ear- thquakes were taken as “penalizing”events,as punishments befallen from Heavens.With the development of science,people are gradually understanding more about earthquakes.Before and after the occurrence of an earthquake,people have,in varying degrees,taken measures in trying to forecast,prepare against earthqua- kes and in the relief work that follows so as to mitigate the losses caused by the disaster.The task of ear- thquake countermeasures is to reduce casualties and losses caused by earthquakes to the minimum,that is, to study the methods of mitigation of earthquake disasters so as to adopt,according to the eonditions of their own countries,the optimum strategy and tactics to achieve the maximum socioeconomic beneficial resu- lts.It includes three aspects:forecast and preparedness before earthquakes,disaster relief measures immedi- ately after and during the occurrence of earthquakes,as well as rehabilitation and reconstruction later. Two aspects of earthquake countermeasures must be considered:one is the destructive characteristics of earthquakes themselves together with the direct damage caused by them;the other is the responses of people and society to disasters caused by earthquakes,that is“eismo-soeiolog”.Both of them are research subjects which need long and painstaking investigation. As scientific earthquake prediction has not yet matured,and earthquake countermeasures are still a young subject,it is necessary to accumulate more data and experience for more thorough study. This book,based on semi-empirical research,has summarized the experience in the mitigation of earth- quake disasters during the past twenty years in China,and systematically suggested earthquake countermea- sures for forecasting and preparedness against earthquakes beforehand,and disaster relief and restoration and reconstruction works afterwards.It is the first book on earthquake countermeasures in China,and should be of practical value for all personals and organizations concerned with this work.更多还原