【摘要】 <正> 云贵高原的喀斯特极为发育,瀑布数以千计,有许多瀑布的成因与喀斯特河流演化密切相关。我们将那些与喀斯特过程有直接或间接关系者称为喀斯特瀑布,作为河流喀斯特(Fluvial karst)进行研究。自W·M·Davis“峡谷与瀑布”一文发表(1884)以来,一百年内虽有一些瀑布分类方案先后提出(Lobeck,1939;姜达权,1958;Schwarzhach,1967;Monkhouse,1970),但很少论及喀斯特造瀑问题。直到近年,喀斯特瀑布这一术语才明确提出(关玉华,1979;张英骏等,1979、1982;杨汉奎1981)。由于它是喀斯特区的良好水资源(水利与水能),有的又是优美的风景资源,并且对于区域喀斯特研究有相当的意义,故有必要研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Karst waterfalls are a morphologic feature of fluvial karstification which is brought about by the evolution of karst rivers. The uplifted parts of the carbonate rock mass provide the conditions for the passing water-flow to increase its energy which in turn reproduces the profile of the river bed. As a result, karst waterfalls may be formed under lithologic, structural and topographic conditions. The Yunnan-Guizhou plateau under the tropical-subtropical climate is covered by large areas of carbonate rocks, where the geologic structures are very complicated. Especially the rapid rising of the Quaternary upheaval of the earth’s crust since the middle Pleistocene favours the forming of karst waterfalls in good natural environment.Hundreds of waterfalls can be found over the whole plateau, the typical ones including the Huanggoushu, and Doupo waterfalls, as well as the Greater and Lesser cascades. According to their features, a classification of waterfall patterns is suggested as follows, scarp ( defined by its height H, width W, length of the indented cliff W’ and slope θ ) , wash pond, headward scoured terrace, and tufa and waterfall screen cave or overhang. The authors propose stability factor i and size factor Iz to evaluate waterfalls in the following expressiosn.i = w’/w ( 1 )Iz = H.W-Q-sinθ ( 2 )Where: W’-length of indented cliff; W-width of the waterfall; H-height of the waterfall, Q-normal water flow; θ-mean slope gradient of the cliff. Table 1 is an inference of karst river evolution and origin of waterfalls. Table 2 gives a classification of karst waterfalls based on the natural environment and dynamic factor for their development. According to the age of the tufa, these water falls are very young, formed after Late Pleistocene.更多还原