【摘要】 <正> 土地买卖,是我国封建领主制经济转入地主制经济后的一个显著特征。它滥觞自春秋而风靡于两汉。但是,现存战国时代的几条史料,并未提供多少具体内容,到了汉代,随着土地买卖活动日趋频繁,有关"买田""卖田"的记载虽然史不绝书,而于买卖过程仍旧语焉不详,致使我们对汉代这一方面的经济活动不甚了了,从而造成研究工作中的某些分歧和混乱。幸而,自东汉以来的一些古墓内,随葬一种反映土地私有权及其观念的明器——买地券。这种买地券,南起广东,北至山西,西自新疆,东抵海滨,均有出土。质地有玉、铅、砖、石、铁、瓦、木、纸诸种。早期买地券一般是铅券,券文内容基本上是摹仿实在的土地买卖文书,真实性更多还原

【Abstract】 The land purchase certificate unearthed from the Han Dynasty tombs are of two types. Certificates of Type A, which are the main subject of the study of this paper, are basically imitations of land title deeds given to land buyers in land transactions, and they are very important to the study of the social and economic conditions of the Han Dynasty. Certificates of Type B of the period became m re and more mere forms of superstitions and are of little historical value. The present paper is a complete systematic study on these certificates, their nature, and their evolution during the Han Dynasty.Both historical documents and unearthed antiquities show that the verification of the date on a land purchase certificate expressed in the sexagenary cycle and of its content is the criterion for judging whether it is a true certificate or an imitation. This unsettled question can be settled once for all through the analysis of several typical imitation certificates.The author does not agree to the conclusion reached by Luo Zhen-yu and Niida Noboru (仁井田陞) etc. on several land purchase certificates of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but is of the opinion that these certificates are not true land title deeds given to the purchasers in land transactions. They are just imitation of real title deeds made out for the dead as a spiritual comfort in the nether world. The term dan shu tie quan (Red-lettered iron certificate) is also given new interpretation by the author.The present paper is the first one on the study of the origin and development of the land purchase certificate, affirming that it is a reflection of private land ownership in the ideological sphere, and has in the main undergone in its development the three stages of (1) ho tu (registry of land owners) and pottery paddy field model, (2) land purchase certificate of Type A, and (3) land purchase certficate of Type B, and it lasted in various forms for over 2000 years. It dropped out of sight completely only after the economy of feudal land ownership was completely abolished. The conflicting explanations and interpretations given in dictionaries such as the Da Man He Ci Dian (Large Chinese-Japanese Dictionary),Zhong Wen Da Ci Dian (Large Chinese Dictionary), and Ci Yuan (Chinese Etymologic Ditionary) show the confusion in the academic world about this question. All this must be cleared off.更多还原