【摘要】 本文根据小麦器官建成的同伸规律与肥水效应等有关研究资料,在进行验证性研究工作的基础上,进一步总结研究了小麦不同叶龄与穗分化进程的对应关系,提出以“叶龄余数”做为鉴定穗分化和同伸器官的生长发育进程的外部形态指标;并在总结研究北京郊区和全国小麦高产规律的基础上,提出了W型和V型两套“叶龄指标促控法”,1975年以来在北京郊区推广,获得了较显著的增产效果,并逐步纳入规范化栽培技术体系。1980年“叶龄指标促控法”被农业部列为全国重点推广项目。更多还原

【Abstract】 1.According to the effects on the development of various organs and the differentiation process of inflorescence by applying nitrogen fertilizer and watering during the emergence of different leaves developed in spring on the main stem of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), it is possible to offer a scientific basis to control freely the plant pattern and to standardize the field management.2.When fertilizer and water are applied during the emergenee of leaf n on the main stem, the ultimate size of leaf n+2 increses to the greatest extent, leaves n+3 and n+ 1 also increase greatly;and leaves n leaves n+4, and n+5 incre aseonly slightly. According to the synchronous regulation of various organs, the synchronous organs sheath n+1 and internode n with leaf n+2 also increase in their size to the greatest extent and the rest exhibit increases ancordinglr.3. The method of"leaf remainder index" (i. e. the remainder of total leaf number)can be used to identify the differentiation process of inflorescence and it is more apparent and precise than the method of "leaf number index".If N is taken to represent the total leaf number when the leaf N spreads out, the differentiation process of inflorescence is in the stage of tetrad; and formerly, deduced by "the method of leaf remainder index", anther primordium was formed when the leaf N emerged; primordium of stamens and pistils was formed around the stage at which the leaf N-1 emerged; floral differentiation starts while the leaf N-2 emerges; the end of double-ridged stage and the glume differentiation are around the stage of leaf N-3 emergence; the spikelet primordium begins to appear when the leaf N-4 emerges; singleprism stage begins after the leaf N-5 is visible, and the stem growing point elongates before or around the stage of leaf N-6 emergence depending upon the environmental conditions.4. During the stage of leaves N and N-1 emergence, the application of fertilizer and irrigation will reduce the degeneration of florets, raise the percentage of fructification and increase the weight of the grain per ear. When leaves N-2 and N-3 are around the stage of emergence, the application of fertilizer and irrigation will elongate the lower internodes, the plants will grow much higher, and the leaves of the upper part will grow much bgger, Thus, it will often lead to lodging. If fertilizer and water are applied when leaf N—4 appears, the percentage of ears derived from the tillers will increase apparently.5. According to the above mentioned rules, we suggest two methods by using the "leaf remainder index" to cultivate high yield winter wheat.(1)"V"pattern method, the land should be fertile and seedlings sturdy with adequate irrigation before the winter comes. When the plants turn green, the soil should be loosened, and the seedlings should be restrained for 40—50 days by restricting fertilization and watering. Then the fertilizers and water should be granted around the time of leaves N—1 or N emergence, and adequate irrigations followed at the stages of booting, earing and grain filling. This method is suitable to fertile soil and high density of colony.(2)"W"pattern method. The conditions are the same as described in"V"pattern method. If the soil fertility is moderate or rather barren, and with thin density of colony, the period of restricting fertilizer and watering should be reduced to 20—25 days. The application of fertilizer and irrigationis usually around the time of leaf N—4 emergence; then, the growth of seedlings should be restrained again for 20—25 days. Around the stage of leaves N—1 or N emergence, fertilizer should be applied and water supplied once again. Field managements during the later stage are the same asin;"V"method. This method is suitable for common fields to grow winter wheat.更多还原