【摘要】 自1937年到1973年的三十七年间,广东潮汕地区柑橘害虫的防治,大致可以分为四个阶段:即人工及土农药防冶阶段(1937—1952年)、有机氯杀虫剂阶段(1953—1958年)、有机磷杀虫剂阶段(1959—1964年)和杀螨剂兼用阶段(1965年至现在)。土农药阶段的昆虫特点是种类多、区系复杂。有机氯阶段淘汰了咀嚼式口器的主要害虫和适应能力比较差的吸收式口器害虫。有机磷阶段又淘汰了另一部分比较顽强的吸收式口器害虫。能产生抗药性的或新侵入、新发展的害虫种群数量上升,成为主要种类。这类害虫以橘全爪螨最为突出,三十七年间出现了三次显著变化。 导致柑橘园昆虫群落变化的主要原因在于不合理施用化学农药。它使天敌数量减少;有的害虫产生抗药性,或者由于繁殖力强,种群数量庞大;或栖息场所隐蔽,未受淘汰,成为再猖獗的虫源。作者调查和比较了施药与不施药的柑橘园昆虫区系后,见到施药柑橘园的昆虫种类较少,反映了昆虫区系的简化,但优势种群的数量则明显增多。 近年来,有些地区新侵入柑橘园成为优势种群的尺蛾科害虫,是由于引种未经检疫的带虫覆盖作物种苗——毛蔓豆所造成的。光绿橘天牛是由于施药后削弱了其竞争种——星天牛,才使种间关系改变的。吸果夜蛾的增加为害则与“柑橘上山”,开垦山地和旱地种柑有关。 提出控更多还原

【Abstract】 The history of pest control in citrus orchards of the Chao-San district of Kwang- tung Province in the last thirty-seven years (1937-1973) may be divided into four stages, i.e., the stage of indigenous pesticide application (1937-1952), the stage of organoehloride pesticides (1953-1958), the stage of organophosphate pesticides (1959-1964), and the stage of acaricides combined with other pesticides (1965 to the present time). The groves in the first stage were characterized by the comparatively larger number of insect species. Principal chewing insect pests and sucking pests with weak adaptive capacity were eliminated in the second stage. In the organophosphate pesticide stage some sturdy species of sucking insects were further wiped off, but some pests resistant to the pesticides became conspicuous and their populations grew with the time. Then they became the dominant pests, among which the citrus spider mite Panonychus citri McGregor is the most important. It is noticed that this kind of faunistic change has taken place for three times in the last thirty-seven years.The writers noticed the faunistic change of arthropod pests in the citrus groves was caused by the indulgent applications of pesticides, which had greatly disturbed the natural balance between the pests and their natural enemies. Some pest species developed resistance to the pesticides, and others survived on the merit of their higher reproductive capacity or of their cryptic behaviour which endowed them with chance to avoid the action of pesticides. Their populations may rise and thus become the sources of pest resurgence.When the insect groups of the citrus groves that had subjected to pesticide treatment are compared with those that did not, one may find that the total number of insect species of the first category is lower, but the dominant pests usually have more abundant populations. It may be concluded that pesticide application acts to a certain degree to diminish the number of pest species in the citrus groves.In recent years new geometrid pests invaded some citrus groves in Kwangtung Province. The invasion was caused by the introduction of Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. into the groves as a covering crop. The population of the Capricorn beetle Chelidonium argentatum Dalm. was found to rise because of the application of pesticides which weakened the position of another Capricorn beetle, Mclanauster cMn-ensis Forst. which is its competing species. The rise of the populations of the fruit-piercing noctuid moths is thought to be related to planting citrus trees on hills where the moths were originally present. Human agricultural activities would un-evitably modify the physical and biotic environments of insects and thus change their trophic and interspecific relations. New pests usually become important species through periods of habituation and dispersion.Iu. order to carry out successful citrus pest control, the writers propose that the indulgent use of pesticides should be avoided. The choice of approprate kinds of pesticides and the way of their applications, especially concerning the dosage and frequency, is thought to be important. Integrated use of predators of some important pests such as the coccinellid Stethorus siphonulus Kapur. and the predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) should be considered as effective measures. Agricultural practices should be used as the fundamental control measure, which, when combined with chemical and biological controls, can lead to a better control system for the citrus groves.更多还原