【摘要】 <正>海淀在北京西北约七公里,正当京颐公路(北京至颐和园即万寿山所在)上,人口约一万二千余,是首都西北郊最大的市镇,京郊第十三区人民区政府就设在这里。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper discusses the historical geography of the environs of Hai-tien, a small town 8 km. northwest of Peking. Its purpose is the study of the development of the area so as to discover the principles underlying the distribution of productive forces in different periods of the history. This has an immediate and important bearing on the plans for future development of the area, which has been designated as "cultural district" for Peking.Topographically, the Hai-tien district consists of two very different parts: (1) the Hai-tien platform and (2) the Pa-kou lowland.(1) The Hai-tien platform lies outside the northwest gate (Hsi-chih-men) of Peking city, north of the Ch’ang-ho (river). It forms a hand-shaped projection from the ancient Yung-ting River fan, and its surface varies in altitude between 50.0 and 52.5 m. above the Ta-ku (sealevc!) datum. From south to north it measures 7 km., and from east to west 5 km. Its surface presents a typical North China landscape, yellow and dry, dotted with graveyards, temples and a few scattered hamlets. The only large settlement lies on its northwestern edge, where the town of Hai-tien has over 12,000 inhabitants.( 2 ) The Pa-kou lowland lies on the west of the Hai-tien platform and is itself bounded on the west by the semi-artificial K’un-ming Lake of the I-ho Yuan (Summer Palace). It is triangular in shape, about 2-5 meters below the Haitien Platform. In spite of the smallness of this difference, the depression shows a typical South China landscape, with paddyfields, streams, and comparatively large agricultural settlements such as Liu-lang-chuang and Pa-kou.There are two stream systems: ( 1 ) the Wan-ch’uan-chuang (Ten-thousand Springs Village) system, and ( 2 ) the Yii-ch’uan-shan (Jade Fountain) system. The Ch’ang-ho (river) referred to above is the lower reach of the latter system. In our area, the first and the largest settlement was the town now called Hai-tien. Originally, a swampy pqol lay to the west of it inside the Pa-kou lowland and. was fed by the Wan-ch’uan-chuang springs. This pool was first named "Hai-tien" (hai = ocean, tien = shallow lake). The surrounding land with its abundant water and higher productive potential attracted farmers and gave them security against their worst enemy in North China 梑rought. But though the farmers worked in the lowland, they lived on the high ground, ofwhich the present Hai-tien town was the nearest part. As the pool disappeared to cultivation, the village prospered and about 600 years ago, took over the name from the pool (The first record of Hai-tien as town name dates from 1260 A. D.)- This was the first period of settlement of the Hai-tien area.The development of the water resources made this a scenic region, and rich people came out from the city to enjoy it. By the later years of the Ming Dynasty (1369-1644 A. D.), two artificial parks had been built to the north of the original Hai-tien pool; the larger, owned by a noble, was called Tsing-hua Yuan (not on the site of the present Tsing-hua Yuan); the smaller, owned by an official, stood on part of the present Yenching University grounds. Thus, in the second period the controlling class wrested the land from the peasants who had created its value, took it out of production, and used it for their pleasure. They chose this land, because to their minds water was an essential constituent in natural or artificial scenic beauty.With the first half of the Ch’ing Dynasty (1644-1911 A.D.), the third period began, in which the Emperor himself monopolised the whole region, which was devoted to large palaces, among which the Yuan-ming Yuan was pre-eminent. Thus although Hai-tien prospered from the influx of officials, the common people were excluded from the region. But in 1860 the Franco-British imperialist troops burned most of the palaces, and the area began to decay which continued until the liberation of Peking at the end of 1948. By that time nothing remained of the old palaces but masses of rubble, the artificial lakes had been turned over to cultivation of rice o更多还原