【摘要】 <正> 引言 昌黎果区的吃虫鸟类曾经我们在1953—1956年间做过调查,发现主要吃虫的有53种与亚种之多,分隶8目21科(郑作新等,1958)。 在采集调查工作最后两年(1955—1956年)的春夏两季间,我们曾就大山雀、黄鹂、灰顶伯劳及斑啄木鸟等四种在果区中常见的吃虫鸟,观察它们的繁殖习性;现将所得的资料,陆续加以总结提出。我们认为鸟学工作必须通过生态研究,才能联系到生产实践上的科学问题;而在生态研究中,繁殖习性尤其值得重视。这项工作在国内尚属初创,难免欠周,当时也未曾有时间在野外进行整年的观察;但因像这样的鸟类生态资料目前还甚贫乏,所以把我们经年所累积的一些,提供有关同志们的参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Great Tit (Pants major artatus) is one of the-more common insect-eating birds in the fruit-producing district of Chang-le, Hopei province. Studies on its breeding behavior was carried out during the spring and summer of 1965-1966. Results obtained may be summarized below.1. The Great Tit nests in crevices of rooks or holes in trees, or in the nest boxes. Nest-building is carried out by the female alone, usually requiring about 6 days. The nest is a pad of moss, internally lined with wool, sometimes mixed with cotton or feathers. It is more or less cup-shaped, fitted into arhole. The distance between the nearest nest-boxes occupied is found to be 40 meters.2. The eggs of the Great Tit average 16.5⒋12.7 mm in measurements and 1.45 gms in weight. Its color is pinkish white, speckled with red-brown, especially on the blunt end of the egg. The laying of the egg occurs in the early morning before the female leaves the nest. During the period of egg-laying, an egg is laid every day. The ayerage clutch size is 7.9 (6-9). The weight of an average clutch occupies about 80% the average body weight of the female bird (18.5 gms).3. Incubation of eggs lasts for about 16. days. The temperature of incubation is ascertained to be 38.3c℃. Incubation is carried out by the female alone. During this period, the female broods for 7-8 hours during the daytime and- also spends the night in the nest. At times, the female is fed by the male, who brings insect foods to the nest. The percentage of hatching averages 85%.4. The young at the time of hatching are almost naked, with both of their eyes closed. They ayerage 30 mm in body length and 1.6 gms in body weight. After being hatched, they are fed for 16 days before leaving the nest. During this period, their body weight usually increases by one gram every- day, sometimes by as much as 2 gms, the amount of the daily increase in weight occupying about 70-140% of the initial body weight of the young bird. At the time of leaving the nest, the young bird reaches 18 gms ia weight, about 4 grams more than that of an adult bird, and their total length measures 90-100 mm, about 4/6 the length of an adult, with wings also occupying about 4/5 the length of the wing of a mature bird. The fledged young increase about 13 times in weight and 3 times in length, as compared with the young at the time of hatching.The young on the 4th-5th day after hatching begin, to show signs of development of the feathered tracts. They are capable of opening eyes on the 6th day. 6. Both the male and female share in feeding young. They make a total of Ho -105 visits to the nest every day, the number of visits made reaching its maximum during the 5th-6th days after the hatching of the young, and gradually dropping off’ thereafter. During the period of feeding young, the male plays a greater part than the female. The visits made by the male are almost double as many as those by the female. The male in feeding the young leaves the nest almost immediately after entering, while the female during the earlier part uf this period, normally sits with the young for about 6 - 11 minutes in each of her feeding visits. The total time spent by the female in brooding amounts to about 5-6 hours during the daytime. She also broods in the nest during the night-time till the young become clothed with feathers (about 13 or 14 days after hatching).6. The daily feeding activities of the parent birds show wavy movements, with two peaks in the day, one occurring during 11:00 12:00 before the noontime, and the other during 14:00-15:00 in the afternoon. The visits made during the forenoon are also more numerous than those made in the aftarnoon. The number of visits made during an hour is usually between 4 and 10, whereas the average number of visits for an hour is 6.7.7. The parent bird in feeding the young also removes by their beaks the fecal sacs from the nest. Addled eggs and broken pieces of egg-shells are probably also removed from the nest by the adults.8. The range of activities of the adult bird during the period of feeding young is estimat更多还原