【作者】 张蕾；

【导师】 霍新宾；

【作者基本信息】 华南师范大学 ， 中国近现代史基本问题研究， 2025， 博士

【摘要】 “模范”本指制造器物时所用的模型,引申为值得人学习或取法的榜样,还指取法、仿效等意思。本文所涉及的陕甘宁边区“劳动模范”,特指在陕甘宁边区局部执政中,由中共主导评选、宣传、奖励的典型人物群体。“劳动模范”包括“劳动英雄”和“模范工作者”。全面抗战时期中共面临抗战与治理的双重挑战,在乡村治理中体现合法性和先进性,是中共对内巩固统治,对外扩大影响的关键。同时全面抗战时期的陕甘宁边区,探索形成了一套乡村治理的历史经验,是中共乡村治理制度及文化形成的发轫期,对中共以后制度、文化等方面的形成、流变、演进有深远影响。所以,本文选择全面抗战时期陕甘宁边区的“劳动模范”作为研究对象,试图厘清并阐述中共塑造“劳动模范”的过程、方法、作用与中共领导下乡村治理各方面内容之间的关系。在陕甘宁边区的部分地区开展了土地革命和一些地区实行了减租减息政策后,乡村绅士的地位发生了变化,在乡村已不具备领导权和威望。传统社会“双轨制”中地方乡绅发挥承上启下作用的局面被打破,需要尽快建立新的乡村治理结构和塑造乡村治理主体。如何填补边区乡村治理的基层权力空白,重建与中共高度配合的新的乡村治理“精英”?这个问题是中共能否在乡村实现有效治理的关键。故本文在乡村治理的视野下,重新研究审视“劳动模范”群体在乡村治理中的作为与作用。首先,塑造劳动模范是出于陕甘宁边区乡村治理的需要,同时传承和借鉴了中国传统“旌表”制度和苏联“斯达汉诺夫”运动。在劳动模范的塑造中,需要党的政策引导、宣传推广、荣誉加持和教育扶持,同时也需要劳动模范及群众的配合与支持,体现了党的意志与人民意愿的统一。陕甘宁边区乡村治理包含政治、经济、文化与社会等方面主要内容。在乡村政治治理方面,劳动模范示范带动群众向党靠拢;作为干部培养对象被吸纳进各级政权;成为党与群众间沟通的桥梁;在村(乡)中领导人民开展自治探索;作为人民代表对外展示边区人民民主形象。在乡村经济治理方面,将劳动模范作为典型改造群众劳动观念与态度,将劳动模范作为“带头人”开展边区建设。在全面抗战时期,中共探索并完善了劳动模范制度这一新的领导经济工作方式。在乡村文化治理方面,劳动模范作为文学创作的主角,体现了人民当家作主的政治地位,通过书写劳模,改造了边区文化和知识分子。作为乡村文化治理主体的劳动模范,也亲身创作文艺作品,带头发展乡村教育。在乡村社会治理方面,通过塑造女劳模的方式指引了一条符合乡村妇女现实的“生产劳动—妇女解放—巩固家庭”的解放路径。中共运用劳动模范作为治理工具和主体,实现兴利除弊的乡村社会治理目标。“劳动模范”群体在陕甘宁边区乡村治理中,起到连接党政与人民之间的“桥”的作用,起到各个方面事业的“骨干”和“带头”的作用。中共的意识形态、权力与治理根基通过劳动模范发挥纵向联结党政,横向联系群众的作用,渗透入更深层的乡村社会、工厂企业等基层组织。从这一点来说,超越了传统的“双轨”,而探索了新的乡村治理经验。同时,通过塑造“劳动模范”群体,将治理结构的上层精英与基层精英进行连接,达到“劳心者”与“劳力者”的互相改造与并轨。从而实现了以“劳动模范”为乡村社会中轴心连接的治理主体两极的双向改造,上层乡村治理主体与基层乡村治理主体的双向互动治理。塑造了乡村治理的人民主体,创新了乡村治理的方法。中共在运用劳动模范和劳动模范制度开展乡村治理的过程中,以“群众路线”方法论为指导,运用政治、社会、文化等综合手段,引导人民广泛参与乡村治理实践,不仅在乡村治理中体现了民主,同时也保证了效能,实现了人民参与乡村治理,政府与人民合作之先声。中共出于乡村治理的需要,从国民素质入手塑造具有现代性、革命性、先进性、支援性的人,彻底地改造乡村治理基础,通过荣辱再造、宣传等办法,扶持新的道德权威与精英,实现了塑造人与塑造人民政权的高度统一。更多还原

【Abstract】 "The term ’model’ originally referred to the molds used in manufacturing objects,and was later extended to mean an example worthy of emulation or learning,as well as the act of imitating or following such examples.The ’model workers’ discussed in this paper specifically refer to the exemplary groups of individuals in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region during the period of the Chinese Communist Party’s(CCP)localized governance.These ’model workers’ were selected,promoted,and rewarded under the leadership of the CCP.The category of ’model workers’includes both ’labor heroes’ and ’exemplary workers.’ During the full-scale War of Resistance Against Japan,the CCP faced dual challenges of warfare and governance.Demonstrating legitimacy and advanced governance in rural areas was key to consolidating internal rule and expanding external influence.At the same time,the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region during this period developed a set of historical experiences in rural governance,marking the formative stage of the CCP’s rural governance systems and culture.These experiences profoundly influenced the formation,evolution,and development of the CCP’s later systems and culture.Therefore,this paper selects the ’model workers’ of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region during the full-scale War of Resistance as the research subject,aiming to clarify and elaborate on the relationship between the CCP’s process and methods of shaping ’model workers,’ their role,and various aspects of rural governance under CCP leadership."During the full-scale Anti-Japanese War,the CCP faced dual challenges of resistance and governance.Establishing legitimacy and demonstrating progressive governance in rural areas were crucial for consolidating internal rule and expanding external influence.The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region’s exploration of rural governance during this period formed a set of historical experiences that marked the inception of the CCP’s rural governance systems and culture,profoundly influencing their subsequent evolution.This study focuses on "model workers" in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region during the Anti-Japanese War period,aiming to elucidate the CCP’s process and methods of cultivating these models,their functions,and their relationship with various aspects of rural governance under CCP leadership.First,the creation of labor models stemmed from the needs of rural governance in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region,while also inheriting and drawing upon China’s traditional "commendation" system and the Soviet Union’s "Stakhanovite"movement.In shaping labor models,it required the Party’s policy guidance,publicity and promotion,honor incentives,and educational support,as well as the cooperation and support of the labor models and the masses,reflecting the unity of the Party’s will and the people’s aspirations.The rural governance of the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region encompassed political,economic,cultural,and social aspects.In terms of rural political governance,labor models served as examples to mobilize the masses to align with the Party;they were cultivated as cadres and integrated into various levels of governance;they acted as bridges between the Party and the masses;they led local self-governance initiatives in villages(or townships);and they represented the people in showcasing the democratic image of the Border Region.In rural economic governance,labor models were held up as exemplars to transform the labor attitudes and mindsets of the masses,and they served as "leaders" in driving Border Region construction.During the Anti-Japanese War,the CPC explored and refined the labor model system as a new approach to leading economic work.In rural cultural governance,labor models became protagonists in literary works,embodying the political status of the people as masters of their own destiny.By writing about labor models,the culture and intellectuals of the Border Region were transformed.As key agents of rural cultural governance,labor models themselves also created literary and artistic works and took the lead in developing rural education.In rural social governance,the creation of female labor models pointed to a liberation path suited to rural women’s realities:"productive labor—women’s liberation—family consolidation." The CPC utilized labor models as both tools and subjects of governance to achieve the goal of rural social governance—promoting benefits and eliminating drawbacks.The shaping and practice of labor models in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region was an innovative measure by the CPC that combined traditional governance wisdom,foreign experience,and revolutionary needs under specific historical conditions.Its multidimensional governance functions remain relevant for contemporary rural revitalization.The analysis unfolds from three perspectives:historical logic,governance mechanisms,and modern implications.The "model worker" group played a bridging role between the Party-government apparatus and the people in rural governance in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region,serving as the "backbone" and "vanguard" in various endeavors.Through the model workers,the CCP’s ideology,power,and governance foundations penetrated deeper into rural society,factories,and other grassroots organizations by vertically connecting the Party-government and horizontally linking the masses.In this sense,it transcended the traditional "dual-track" system and explored new approaches to rural governance.At the same time,by cultivating the "model worker" group,the governance structure connected elite figures from the upper and grassroots levels,achieving mutual transformation and integration between "mental laborers" and"manual laborers." This realized a two-way reform of governance subjects centered around the "model worker" as the pivotal connection in rural society,facilitating bidirectional interaction between upper-level and grassroots rural governance actors.It shaped a people-centered approach to rural governance and innovated governance methods.In the process of utilizing model workers and the model worker system for rural governance,the Chinese Communist Party(CCP)was guided by the "mass line"methodology,employing comprehensive political,social,and cultural means to encourage broad public participation in rural governance.This approach not only embodied democracy in rural governance but also ensured efficiency,pioneering a model of cooperative governance between the government and the people.To meet the demands of rural governance,the CCP focused on transforming the populace by cultivating individuals with modern,revolutionary,progressive,and supportive qualities,thereby fundamentally reshaping the foundation of rural governance.Through methods such as moral re-education(honor-shame restructuring),propaganda,and the promotion of new moral authorities and elites,the Party achieved a high degree of unity between shaping individuals and shaping the people’s political power.更多还原