【作者】 张毅；

【导师】 万书元；

【作者基本信息】 同济大学 ， 美学， 2023， 博士

【摘要】 江南书院肇于唐,盛于宋,绍隆于明清,是我国书院史上一颗璀璨的明珠。在封建社会的任何时期,江南书院建筑不仅在数量和种类上位列全国之冠,而且还是群英荟萃、群贤毕至之地,足以窥见文化之盛。剖析这一现象,其原因在于江南自宋代后,政治、经济、自然环境、建筑技艺和人文因素都对其产生了直接的影响。令人遗憾的是,江南书院建筑美学的研究至今仍属于一块未曾开垦的领地。更为可惜的是,2246座江南书院目前遗存已不足400所,且大多残破不全,感慨良深。因此,论文选择“江南书院建筑美学”作专项研究,力图从理论分析与实践考察的双重视角,对江南书院建筑美学的审美意象、语义结构、审美辩证法、文化意蕴和美学价值作尝试性的探讨,以补江南书院建筑美学研究之阙。江南书院建筑的历史沿革、基本类型及其营造体系解读中,笔者通过对“江南”的历史地理概念、文化概念及当今“江南”概念的厘定,归纳出“江南”在历朝的更迭中呈现出地理收缩的一面和“江南”自身所携有的“审美—诗性”文化以及经济一体化的群体特质。从江南书院建筑在历代的兴废规律中,总结出江南书院建筑的内外发展动力。笔者以徒步踏查、寻访遗珍的方式,解析出江南书院建筑的类型与遗存分布,再通过书院建筑营造技艺的详加论列,以此奠定江南书院建筑的美学基础。江南书院建筑的审美意象,蕴藏了规则的中轴对称式和多轴并列式以及不规则自由式的美学性格,以此确证了伦理、堪舆、地形及建筑材料是影响三种平面意象的主要因素;“上分”屋顶、“中分”屋身、“下分”台基的三大建筑立面,建构了书院建筑在实用功能、技术结构、审美形象的和谐统一;通过对天际线“表层与本质”的考察,展现了江南书院建筑高、中、低层次分明的丛林意象;书院建筑轮廓线在“山体背景线”“建筑外围线”“内部结构线”的构成因子中,保证了江南书院自身的建筑特色与形象识别,从而具有了精神层面的符号意义;少量的彩画与大量的雕刻,正是体现江南书院建筑装饰意象的重要指标,也是空间序列、材美工巧和造物观念的缩影;江南自有的诗性品格,是成就江南书院建筑古雅、清幽、雄浑等诗性意象的根基。江南书院建筑的语义结构,更多的是通过非功能性的牌坊、泮池与泮桥、文庙与纪念性祠堂、碑与碑亭所建构的象征语义,揭示出江南书院建筑务虚和祭祀功能异化的事实;从大门、讲堂、藏书楼及斋舍所构成的功能性空间中,展示出江南书院建筑不仅具有实用功能,还以审美的方式创造出超越时空的符号价值;借鉴文学语义的相关研究,从描绘江南书院建筑的文献诗词中抽绎出叙事与抒情的两大支点,在文学格调和语言架构中揭橥出“文学与建筑嫁接”的独特现象。此外,以开放式的研究方式,把江南书院建筑的绘画图像当作一类物质衍生品,使其变为知识与叙事的对象,以语境还原的过程来解读建筑事件,从而得出有用的价值判断。审美辩证法是江南书院建筑一个重要而独特的美学问题。笔者认为,江南书院建筑顺承了官学建筑、寺观建筑与民居建筑的精华部分,又在布局、技艺上运用了地域灵活的创新思维,两者在“循古”与“开新”维度上真正求得了平衡。“人作”与“天开”的相互映照,更多以建筑的人工斧凿之作与自然环境本有之间寻求和谐的美学效果。“功能”与“仪式”的互文性阐述了书院建筑的教育功能与仪式的德育思想之间彼此渗透,相互交织,具有彰示学统,传学江南的重要作用。“封闭”与“开敞”的辩证关系,更多呈现了江南书院建筑以封闭的方式创造开敞的效果,以及以开敞思维创造封闭与开敞对话的功效。江南书院建筑的文化意蕴与美学价值,不仅是前面章节的总结和延伸,更是阐释美学工作铺垫而起的总纲。在“文化意蕴”的构成中,“伦理意涵”正是书院建筑礼制和等级意识的表露,也是束缚书院建筑创新的枷锁;“信息编码”以建筑元素的功能与文化“暗示”为条件,重点讨论了指示性符号和象征性符号在各占优势的前提下的编码机制,以及审美信息与语义信息产生冲突之时,如何使用更改语义内容实现两者的和谐与平衡;“营造理念”则在择址、堪舆、佛寺旧址、名人文化上作了理论与实证的分析。美学价值方面,以阶级超越、文化超越和道德超越建构出江南书院建筑美学的“超越性”思维;“秩序感”则是从国家严苟律令和奖励机制互促之下,真正完成了书院建筑的调节与塑造。当然,建筑的模数制也是建构书院建筑秩序的重要因素。“和谐与圆融”是以礼乐和谐、生态伦理、佛家圆融观的视角出发,从江南书院建筑与师生、自然和谐共在性和建筑生态层面“绝对平等”的维度考量,以消除人类中心主义局限为目的,将书院建筑的生态问题放置到更广、更深层的话语中进行思考,并为建构当代生态学的理论与实践提出了新的见解。总之,江南书院建筑美学的研究,既是中国传统建筑表层结构和深层结构共同建构的价值目标,也是对当代建筑文化遗产保护的巧妙回应。这种回应似乎并非建筑视觉所带来的视觉美感,而是展现出新的美学观念和通用方式。江南书院建筑具有的生态哲学智慧,或许成为化解当前生态危机的有效方法之一,其研究成果对中国传统建筑的现代转译和美好乡村建设提供了文化导向和智力支持,也为构建“人类命运共同体”的目标提供了佳例。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Jiangnan academies,which originated in the Tang Dynasty,flourished in the Song Dynasty,and experienced tremendous prosperity during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,stand as brilliant gems in the history of Chinese academies.Throughout any period of feudal society,they have not only been at the forefront with regard to the quantity and diversity of academy architecture,but also served as gathering places for countless heroes and sages,reflecting the cultural prosperity at that time.This phenomenon can be attributed to the direct influence of political,economic,natural environment,architectural techniques and cultural factors on Jiangnan since the Song Dynasty.However,it is regrettable that research on the architectural aesthetics of Jiangnan academies still remains an unexplored territory up to now.Even more alarming is that out of 2,246 Jiangnan academies originally built,less than 400 remain,many of which have exhibited signs of damage or deficient completion.Consequently,after careful consideration,the research topic selected for this doctoral dissertation is“Architectural Aesthetics of Jiangnan Academies.”The author aims to investigate and analyze this topic from both theoretical and practical perspectives.The aesthetic imagery,semantic structure,aesthetic dialectics,cultural connotations and aesthetic values of the architecture of Jiangnan academies are explored,aiming to fill the gap in the research on architectural aesthetics of Jiangnan Academies.The historical evolution,basic types and construction system of Jiangnan Academy architecture,the dissertation establishes the understanding of the historical and geographical concepts of“Jiangnan”,cultural connotations,as well as the contemporary concept of“Jiangnan”.It also summarizes the geographical contraction presented by“Jiangnan”in the changes of dynasties and the cultural characteristics of“Jiangnan”itself,including its“aesthetic and poetic qualities”,as well as its economic integration.By studying the emergence and decline of the architecture of Jiangnan academies in different dynasties,the author identifies the internal and external driving forces behind their development.By conducting field inspection and searching for remains of ancient academies,the types and distribution of architecture of Jiangnan academies have been meticulously delineated;subsequently,by scrutinizing and analyzing the construction techniques employed in the academy Architecture,the author establishes aesthetic foundation for academy architecture.The aesthetic imagery of the architecture of Jiangnan academies primarily encompasses the aesthetic personality of regular axial symmetry,multi axis parallelism,and irregular free form,which confirms that ethics,geography,terrain and building materials are the main factors affecting the three plane imageries.The three major building facades,namely the“upper division”roof,“middle division”body,and“lower division”stylobate,construct a harmonious unity of practicality,technology,and aesthetics in the buildings.The design of“surface and essence”of the skyline exhibits the distinct jungle imagery present in the high,medium,and low levels of the architecture of Jiangnan academies.The contour line assumes a crucial role in ensuring the architectural characteristics and image recognition of Jiangnan academies in the constituent elements of“mountain background”,“building periphery”,and“interior architecture”,thus possessing symbolic significance at the spiritual level.A small quantity of colored paintings coupled with a heavy concentration of carvings serves as pivotal indicators that signify the ecological and aesthetic direction of Jiangnan architecture.They also present a microcosm of spatial sequence,exquisite materiality,exceptional craftsmanship and innovative artistic expressions.The inherent poetic character of Jiangnan is the foundation for achieving poetic imagery such as elegance,tranquility,and grandeur in the architecture of Jiangnan academies.The semantic structure of the architecture of Jiangnan academies is primarily analyzed from the perspectives of the symbolic semantics of non-functional memorial archway,Pan-chi and Pan Bridge,Confucian temple and memorial temple,monument and stele pavilion.It reveals the historical transformation of the architectural functions of Jiangnan academies to being used for religious ceremonies and rituals.Architecture performs not only practical and technological roles,but also generates symbolic significance that transcends time and space through aesthetics,as exhibited by the functional spaces developed by the gates,halls,lecture rooms,libraries,and living quarters.Drawing inspiration from studies on literary semantics,the dissertation extracts two major features from the literary works on the architecture of Jiangnan academies,namely narration and lyricism,which presents the unique phenomena of“the fusion of literature and architecture”through literary style and language structure.Moreover,an open research approach is employed,making the painting images of Jiangnan academies into material derivative products for reference,transforming them into objects of knowledge and narration.The contextual restoration of these images allows for the interpretation of architectural events,yielding significant and valuable insights.Aesthetic dialectic is an important and unique aesthetic issue of Jiangnan academies.The author believes that the architecture of Jiangnan academies inherited the essence of official school buildings,temple buildings,and residential buildings while effectively applying innovative thinking to the regional layout and technological advancement,achieving a balance between“adherence to tradition”and“advocate for innovation”.The mutual reflection between“human creation”and“nature development”seeks a harmonious aesthetic effect between the artificial chiseling of architecture and the natural environment.The correlation between the literary references of“function”and“ritual”unveils the interpenetration and mutual achievement of the educational functions and moral education ideas of academy architecture,thus highlighting its significance in determining academic standards and transmitting enlightenment in the Jiangnan region.The dialectical connection between“closure”and“openness”illustrates how the architectural design of Jiangnan academies fosters an expansive ambiance through a closed method and uses an open mindset to achieve dialogue between the concepts of closure and openness.The cultural significance and aesthetic value of Jiangnan academies are not only a summary and extension of previous chapters but also present a comprehensive framework for elucidating artistic endeavors.In the composition of“cultural significance”,the“ethical implications”are the manifestation of the architectural rituals and hierarchical consciousness,as well as the shackles that restrict innovation in academy architecture.The aspect of“information coding”concentrates on the mechanisms of coding indicative and symbolic symbols whilst taking into account the functionality of building elements and cultural context.It addresses the utilization of changes in semantic content to bring about a balance and harmony between aesthetic and semantic information in the event of conflicts.With regards to the aspect of“construction concept”,this dissertation offers an in-depth examination of various components such as site selection,geomantic omen,cultural heritage of Buddhist temples and the influence of celebrity culture.In terms of aesthetic value,the dissertation constructs the“transcendental”dimension of the architecture of Jiangnan academies based on the transcendence of class,culture,and morality.The“sense of order”is embodied in the regulation and shaping of the academy architecture,achieved under the mutual promotion of strict laws and incentive mechanisms at the national level.Undoubtedly,the implementation of a modular architecture system is a crucial element in establishing the structure and organization of the academy architecture.The notion of“harmony and perfection”is discussed through the lens of ritual music harmony,ecological ethics,and Buddhist perspectives on harmony and perfection.With a starting point grounded in the“absolute equality”dimension of the ecological coexistence among the architecture of Jiangnan academies,faculty and students in the buildings and the surrounding natural environment,the objective is to eradicate anthropocentrism and conduct a broader and deeper analysis of the ecological challenges that confront academy architecture.Therefore,this research endeavors to offer fresh insights for the theoretical and practical development of contemporary ecology.In short,the study on the architectural aesthetics of Jiangnan Academy is not only the value goal of the joint construction of the surface structure and the deep structure of traditional Chinese architecture,but also a clever response to the protection of contemporary architectural cultural heritage.This kind of response is not the visual beauty brought by the architectural vision,but shows a new aesthetic concept and universal way.The ecological and philosophical wisdom of Jiangnan Academy architecture may become one of the effective ways to resolve the current ecological crisis.Its research results provide cultural guidance and intellectual support for the modern translation of traditional Chinese architecture and the construction of beautiful countryside,and also provide a good example for the goal of building a“community of human destiny”.更多还原