【作者】 张毅；

【导师】 毛远明； 邓章应；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2024， 博士

【摘要】 纳西族的东巴文,是当今世界上仅存的一种仍在使用的原始文字,被称为“象形文字的活化石”。东巴文是东巴教经典的书写语言,东巴教的经典我们一般称为东巴经,东巴经涉及的领域相当广泛,除宗教外,还包括了语言、文字、历史、地理、文学、艺术、战争、武器等多个学科,为研究古代纳西族的社会结构、文化思想、生产活动及民俗提供了独特且全面的视角。东巴文献是解读纳西族文化的关键,尤其对于社会历史、语言文字研究、宗教哲学、以及日常生活和民情风俗的探索具有不可估量的价值。本文以纳西族三大东巴经典之一的《黑白战争》一经为研究对象,围绕其多个版本进行了详细的文献学和语言文字学分析。通过对不同仪式版本的《黑白战争》进行比较研究,旨在揭示东巴文中蕴含的深层次语言文字学意义。论文主体章节架构如下:第一章引论。本章从“传统与现代”和“总体与具体”的双重视角审视了东巴文的传承与发展现状,以及它在现代社会中的地位和价值。对《黑白战争》的研究背景、现状进行了细致的剖析,突出了其研究的重要性和必要性,并对研究材料的选择、研究方法的应用、论文的结构安排进行了说明。第二章文献资料整理。本章采用文献学方法,对研究材料进行了系统的整理和归纳,对每个东巴文进行了详细的考释和注解,旨在为后续的深入研究打下坚实的基础。第三章字量、字频比较研究。本章依照方国瑜先生编纂的《纳西象形文字谱》所设定的意义类别,将三部经书中的东巴文字分别归类,并进一步实施了字量与字频的统计与对比分析,从而为系统研究东巴文提供量化分析和可靠依据。第四章造字结构比较研究。本章第一部分分析梳理了三部经书中单字字形结构,从“象形”“指事”“会意”“形声”四个基本层面展开了对比研究;第二部分,从“合文”和“复合文字”的角度,系统性地探讨了这三部经书中非单字结构的文字特点,揭示了东巴文造字法的多样性和复杂性。第五章字用比较研究。本章着重从借形和借音的角度,对三部经书的用字规律进行了综合分析与对比研究,揭示了东巴文的用字规律和特点。第六章字词关系比较研究。本章主要从两方面对比分析了东巴文的字词应用特性:一是字词的对应关系,详细分析了有字无词、有词无字以及字词一对一对应的情形,这一部分揭示了东巴文中字词关系的复杂性与多样性,为理解东巴文的语言结构提供了重要视角。二是字词对读现象的比较,即对那些在三部经书中含义相同或相似的内容进行对照式研究,细致考察了在不同版本文献中东巴文用字的一致性与变异性。通过这样的对比分析,本章不仅展示了东巴文用字的规律性和变异性,也对理解东巴文在不同文化和语境下的适应性和演变提供了深刻见解。第七章结论。本研究通过深入比较《黑白战争》三部不同仪式经书中的文字构形、字词关系及疑难字词的考释,初步实现了对纳西东巴文系统性研究的预期目标。本论文的主要发现与贡献:1.东巴文造字法的深化认识:本研究首次系统性地分析了纳西东巴文的四种造字方法—象形、指事、会意、形声,并揭示了其造字特征与方法的多样性。本研究不仅扩展了对东巴文原始象形特征的理解,还明确了指事字与会意字在文本中的稀缺性和特殊用法,为东巴文的形声字研究提供了新的视角。2.东巴文异体字的重新评估:通过比较不同经书中的异体字,本研究突破了以往对异体字认识的局限,强调了异体字在文字系统发展中的积极作用。这一发现不仅丰富了对东巴文异体字功能的认识,也为理解文字演变提供了重要视角。3.合文与复合文字的原始性研究:本论文创新性地分析了东巴文中合文和复合文字的使用,强调了其在表达复杂意义时的原始性和灵活性,进一步论证了东巴文作为一种介于图画与文字之间的绘画文字系统。4.借形与借音现象的比较研究:对三部经书中借形字和借音字的使用进行了详细比较,揭示了东巴文在利用借形与借音策略上的特点和发展趋势,为理解东巴文的演变和表意文字的形成提供了新见解。5.字词关系的复杂性分析:本研究首次对同一经书不同版本相似内容东巴文的字词关系进行了全面分析,揭示了东巴文在表达语言单位时的独特方式和变化性,对理解东巴文的使用及其与纳西文化的关系具有重要意义。6.东巴文献的重新审视:通过对不同经书及翻译的比较,本研究指出了现有文献在记录和解释上的不足,并提出了对未来研究方向的建议。总而言之,本论文不仅深化了对纳西东巴文构造和发展的理解,也为少数民族文字研究方法论提供了新的视角。尽管存在未能穷尽每一部经书的对比分析的局限,本研究仍为未来的纳西东巴文研究及相关领域的学术探索奠定了坚实的基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Dongba script of the Naxi people is one of the few ancient scripts still in use today,referred to as a"living fossil of pictographs."It serves as the written language for Dongba religious scriptures,commonly known as Dongba scriptures.These texts cover a broad spectrum of disciplines beyond religion,including language,script,history,geography,literature,art,warfare,and weaponry,offering a unique and comprehensive perspective for researching the ancient Naxi society’s structure,cultural ideology,productive activities,and folklore.The Dongba manuscripts are pivotal for deciphering Naxi culture,especially invaluable for studies in social history,linguistics,religious philosophy,as well as explorations into daily life and folk customs.This paper focuses on one of the three major Dongba classics of the Naxi people,Black and White War,conducting a detailed philological and linguistic analysis across its various versions.By comparing different ritual versions of Black and White War,the study aims to unveil the deep philological and linguistic significance embedded within the Dongba script.The main chapters of the thesis are structured as follows:Chapter 1:Introduction.This chapter examines the inheritance and development status of the Dongba script from dual perspectives of"tradition and modernity"and"general and specific,"as well as its status and value in modern society.It provides a detailed analysis of the research background and current state of Black and White War,highlighting the importance and necessity of its study,and explains the selection of research materials,application of research methods,and structure of the dissertation.Chapter 2:Literature Review.Using philological methods,this chapter systematically organizes and categorizes the research materials,providing detailed explanations and annotations for each Dongba character,laying a solid foundation for subsequent in-depth studies.Chapter 3:Character Volume and Frequency Comparative Study.Following the categorization set in Fang Guoyu’s Catalogue of Naxi Pictographic Characters,this chapter classifies the Dongba characters from the three books and further conducts a statistical and comparative analysis of character volume and frequency,providing a quantitative analysis and reliable basis for the systematic study of the Dongba script.Chapter 4:Character Creation Structure Comparative Study.The first part of this chapter analyzes and sorts out the single-character structure in the three books,conducting a comparative study from four basic aspects:"pictographs,""ideograms,""compound ideographs,"and"phonetic compounds."The second part,from the perspectives of"joined characters"and"compound characters,"systematically explores the non-single character features in these books,revealing the diversity and complexity of the Dongba script’s character creation methods.Chapter 5:Character Usage Comparative Study.Focusing on the use of form borrowing and sound borrowing,this chapter conducts a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the character usage rules in the three books,revealing the usage patterns and characteristics of the Dongba script.Chapter 6:Word-Character Relationship Comparative Study.This chapter analyses the Dongba script’s character and word usage features from two aspects:the correspondence between characters and words,including situations of characters without words,words without characters,and one-to-one correspondence between characters and words,revealing the complexity and diversity of character-word relationships in the Dongba script,providing an important perspective for understanding its linguistic structure.Additionally,it compares the homophonous phenomenon,i.e.,the study of content that has the same or similar meanings in the three books,examining the consistency and variability of Dongba script usage in different versions of the texts.Through such comparative analysis,this chapter not only showcases the regularity and variability of character usage in the Dongba script but also provides deep insights into its adaptability and evolution in different cultural and linguistic contexts.Chapter 7:Conclusion.Through an in-depth comparison of the textual formation,word-character relationships,and interpretation of difficult characters and words in three different ritual books of Black and White War,this study achieves its goal of a systematic investigation into the Naxi Dongba script.The main findings and contributions of this dissertation include:1.Enhanced understanding of the Dongba script creation methods:This study systematically analyzes for the first time the four methods of creating characters in the Naxi Dongba script—pictographs,ideograms,compound ideographs,phonetic compounds—revealing the diversity of its character creation features and methods.It not only expands the understanding of the Dongba script’s original pictographic features but also clarifies the scarcity and special usage of ideograms and compound ideographs in texts,providing new perspectives for the study of phonetic compounds in the Dongba script.2.Reevaluation of Dongba script variant characters:By comparing variant characters in different texts,this study breaks through previous limitations in understanding variant characters,emphasizing their positive role in the development of the writing system.This finding not only enriches the understanding of the function of variant characters in the Dongba script but also provides important perspectives for understanding script evolution.3.Originality study of joined characters and compound characters:This dissertation innovatively analyzes the use of joined and compound characters in the Dongba script,highlighting their originality and flexibility in expressing complex meanings,further arguing the Dongba script as a pictographic writing system that lies between drawings and characters.4.Comparative study of form and sound borrowing phenomena:Detailed comparisons of form and sound borrowing in the three books reveal the characteristics and development trends of the Dongba script in using form and sound borrowing strategies,offering new insights into the evolution of the Dongba script and the formation of logographic scripts.5.Complexity analysis of character-word relationships:This study is the first to comprehensively analyze the character-word relationships in similar content of different versions of the same book,revealing the unique ways and variability of the Dongba script in expressing linguistic units,which is significant for understanding its use and its relationship with Naxi culture.6.Reevaluation of Dongba texts:By comparing different books and translations,this study points out the deficiencies in recording and interpreting existing literature and suggests directions for future research.In conclusion,this dissertation not only deepens the understanding of the construction and development of the Naxi Dongba script but also provides new perspectives for the methodological study of minority scripts.Although it does not exhaust the comparative analysis of every book,this study lays a solid foundation for future research in the Naxi Dongba script and related academic fields.更多还原