【作者】 王婷；

【导师】 陈章龙；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 马克思主义理论， 2024， 博士

【摘要】 党的二十届三中全会强调,教育、科技、人才是中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑。高校毕业生就业是教育、科技、人才融合发展的重要支撑,是建设教育强国的重要任务。习近平总书记强调:“要落实就业优先战略和积极的就业政策,突出做好高校毕业生等重点群体就业工作。”“就业思想政治教育”自2009年出现在国家政策性文件,已成为高校的一项重要职能,立足于帮助大学生解决就业思想问题和就业实际问题,是推动大学生就业的主要渠道,是实现立德树人根本任务的重要抓手。新时代,进一步深化对高校就业思想政治教育的理论和实践研究,有益于加深对“培养什么人、怎样培养人、为谁培养人”这个根本问题的认识,也有助于从理论和实践上为新时代高校就业思想政治教育的守正创新提供有益的思想和实践资源,对于当下促进高校毕业生高质量充分就业具有重要的理论和现实意义。立足于新时代背景,坚持立德树人根本任务,就业思想政治教育作为“三全育人”的重要内容,如何构建一个有效的就业思想政治教育体系,形成就业思想政治教育的最大合力,推动高校毕业生高质量充分就业。这是新时代高校就业思想政治教育面临的一大问题。就业思想政治教育既是一个理论命题,也是一项实践活动。任何一个理论命题首先需要清晰界定概念,就业思想政治教育是一个解决就业思想问题和解决就业实际问题相统一的过程。马克思主义的劳动分工理论、人的全面发展理论、职业选择理论、社会主义劳动理论为本研究提供了方向指引和基本原则;以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛为主要代表的中国共产党人的相关论述是就业思想政治教育丰富的思想资源;习近平关于青年就业的重要论述是指导新时代高校就业思想政治教育的科学指南,习近平关于高校思想政治教育工作的重要论述为新时代高校开展就业思想政治教育提供了理论指引和现实遵循。在党和国家就业工作目标的指导下,高校通过实施就业思想政治教育,实现大学生高质量就业,达到国家、社会、高校和个人发展的统一。新中国成立以来,大学生就业政策经历了“统包统分”的毕业分配政策、“供需见面、双向选择”的就业政策、“自主择业”的积极就业政策、“自主择业、创新创业”并行的更加积极的就业政策四个阶段。随着国家对大学生就业政策的不断调整,就业思想政治教育经历了从“服从分配”的毕业生思想政治教育、“推荐服务”为主的毕业生思想政治教育、“充分就业”为目标的就业指导兴起再到“就业育人”为导向的就业思想政治教育出场。审视新中国成立以来高校就业思想政治教育的发展历史,就业问题本质是政治问题,高校就业问题始终与国家的政治路线和发展战略紧密相连。就业政策是引领和方向,高校就业思想政治教育的变迁,就是解决就业思想问题与解决就业实际问题不断统一的过程。随着时代向前发展,就业思想政治教育的内容和方法将不断丰富、完善。就业思想政治教育作为一个理论命题,其内核要义紧紧围绕“需要就业思想政治教育做什么”(功能、内容)、“就业思想政治教育如何实施”(要素、原则)等问题展开,重点回答就业思想政治教育的功能、内容、要素和原则四个基本问题。依据就业思想政治教育的科学内涵,其基本功能包括导向功能、育人功能和服务功能,以“态度——价值”观念为核心内容、“专业——通用——发展”能力为重点内容、“政治——道德——法律——心理”素质为基础内容,构建三维融合的就业思想政治教育内容体系。高校就业思想政治教育是由一系列教育活动构成,这一过程包含主客体、内容、对策、保障和评价五大要素,由此解决“何以教育、教育什么、如何教育、怎么保证、评价如何”的问题,这些要素相互关联,共同构成了就业思想政治教育的分析框架,为就业思想政治教育的有效实施提供了基本思路。在此基础上,发现并总结新时代高校就业思想政治教育的原则遵循,坚持目标一致性原则、系统性原则、主客体相统一原则、个性化和差异化原则、长期性和阶段性原则、评价和反馈原则,为就业思想政治教育的实施提供宏观行动指南。就业思想政治教育作为一项实践活动,它的实施现状如何?通过问卷调查、个别访谈、查阅就业质量年度报告等方式,获取新时代高校就业思想政治教育现状的一手数据。当前,大学生的就业思想呈现出继续深造意愿强烈、体制内就业偏好、留本地就创业意向不强、关注薪资福利等特征,在过去的就业思想政治教育工作中取得了不少成绩,但也存在一些问题,包括就业思想政治教育内容的“偏颇”、目标的“功利化”、主体的“孤立无援”、工作周期的“碎片化”以及教育方式的“脱节”等问题。新时代高校就业思想政治教育存在的诸多问题,反映出该项实践活动中存在着矛盾。社会要求与大学生职业素养之间的矛盾是就业思想政治教育的基本矛盾,在这一基本矛盾下又表现出大学生就业能力与岗位要求之间的矛盾、大学生就业价值观与社会主流价值观之间的矛盾等具体矛盾,这些矛盾给就业思想政治教育带来了挑战和困难。这些问题的出现,可以从国家自主择业政策带来的挑战、社会多元价值观带来的冲击、高校就业思想政治教育理念更新相对滞后、企业的角色与功能尚未充分发挥、家庭对大学生就业的非正向影响、大学生存在与社会不相适应的就业价值观等层面分析深层原因。就业思想政治教育作为“三全育人”的重要内容,作为思想政治教育的重要一环。针对现状考察中发现的问题,对照新时代高校就业思想政治教育的育人目标,综合就业思想政治教育的历史经验,分别从理论层面的指导思想和实践层面的实施方法提出优化路径。本文从理念重塑:树立“大就业思政”理念;策略调整:实施三全育人的就业思想政治教育策略;建强主体:构建多元协同的就业思想政治教育主体;方法创新:完善“X+就业”的就业思想政治教育方法;完善评价:构建四元融合的就业思想政治教育综合评价体系五个方面提出了优化路径。进入新时代,该项工作面临新环境、新对象,传统的工作方式将无法更好地实现育人目标。大学生就业中存在的诸多问题,必须依靠“无形的力量”——就业思想政治教育的有效介入。就业思想政治教育既要解决大学生的就业思想问题,又要解决大学生的就业实际问题;既是一项思政工作,又是一项业务工作;既是一项育人工程,也是一项服务工程。在建设教育强国的新征程上,高校要深刻认识和把握中国式现代化建设中人才支撑的重要意义,着力做好高校毕业生就业工作,以就业思想政治教育为抓手,把人才优势转化为高质量发展的有效动能。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasized that education,science and technology,and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars of China’s modernization.The employment of college graduates is a crucial pillar for the integrated development of education,science and technology,and talent,and an important task in building an education powerhouse.President Xi Jinping stressed:“We must implement the employment-first strategy and proactive employment policies,with a particular focus on ensuring employment for key groups such as college graduates.”“Employment ideological and political education”first appeared in national policy documents in 2009 and has since become an important function of universities.It is aimed at helping college students address employment-related ideological issues and practical employment challenges,serving as the primary channel for promoting college graduate employment and an important means of achieving the fundamental task of fostering virtue and cultivating talent.In the new era,further deepening theoretical and practical research on employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions is beneficial for enhancing understanding of the fundamental question of“what kind of people to cultivate,how to cultivate them,and for whom to cultivate them.”It also provides valuable theoretical and practical resources for the innovative development of employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions in the new era,holding significant theoretical and practical significance for promoting high-quality and adequate employment of college graduates at present.Against the backdrop of the new era,while adhering to the fundamental task of cultivating virtue and fostering talent,employment ideological and political education,as an important component of“all-round education,”faces the challenge of how to construct an effective employment ideological and political education system,form the greatest synergy in employment ideological and political education,and promote high-quality and adequate employment for university graduates.This is a major issue facing employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions in the new era.Employment ideological and political education is both a theoretical proposition and a practical activity.Any theoretical proposition first requires a clear definition of concepts.Employment ideological and political education is a process that unifies addressing employment-related ideological issues with resolving practical employment challenges.Marxist theories on labor division,the comprehensive development of humanity,career choice,and socialist labor provide directional guidance and fundamental principles for this research.The relevant statements by Mao Zedong,Deng Xiaoping,Jiang Zemin,Hu Jintao,are rich intellectual resources for employment ideological and political education;Xi Jinping’s important statements on youth employment serve as a scientific guide for employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions in the new era,while his important statements on ideological and political education work in higher education institutions provide theoretical guidance and practical guidelines for conducting employment ideological and political education in the new era.Under the guidance of the Party and state’s employment work objectives,higher education institutions implement employment ideological and political education to achieve high-quality employment for college students,thereby unifying the development of the nation,society,higher education institutions,and individuals.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,college student employment policies have undergone four stages:the“centralized allocation”graduation assignment policy,the“supply and demand matching,two-way selection”employment policy,the“self-directed career choice”proactive employment policy,and the more proactive employment policy combining“self-directed career choice”with“innovation and entrepreneurship.”As the state has continuously adjusted its employment policies for college students,employment ideological and political education has evolved from“compliance with allocation”in graduate ideological and political education,to“recommendation and service”-oriented graduate ideological and political education,to the emergence of employment guidance aimed at“full employment,”and finally to the emergence of employment ideological and political education guided by“employment-oriented education.”Examining the development history of employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the essence of employment issues is a political issue,and employment issues in higher education institutions have always been closely linked to the nation’s political line and development strategy.Employment policies serve as guidance and direction,and the evolution of employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions is a process of continuously unifying the resolution of employment ideological issues with the resolution of actual employment problems.As society continues to develop,the content and methods of employment ideological and political education will continue to be enriched and perfected.As a theoretical proposition,the core essence of employment ideological and political education revolves around questions such as“what should employment ideological and political education achieve”(function,content)and“how should employment ideological and political education be implemented”(elements,principles),with a focus on addressing the four fundamental issues of its function,content,elements,and principles.Based on the scientific connotation of employment ideological and political education,its basic functions include guiding functions,educational functions,and service functions.It centers on the“attitude-value”concept as its core content,emphasizes“professional-general-development”capabilities as its key content,and takes“political-moral-legal-psychological”qualities as its foundational content,thereby constructing a three-dimensional integrated content system for employment ideological and political education.Employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions is composed of a series of educational activities.This process encompasses five key elements:subject-object relationship,content,strategies,safeguards,and evaluation.These elements collectively address the questions of“why educate,”“what to educate,”“how to educate,”“how to ensure effectiveness,”and“how to evaluate.”These elements are interrelated and together form the analytical framework for employment ideological and political education,providing a fundamental approach for its effective implementation.Based on this,the principles guiding employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions in the new era are identified and summarized,adhering to the principles of consistency of objectives,systematicity,unity of subject and object,personalization and differentiation,long-term and phased approaches,and evaluation and feedback.These principles provide a macro-level action guide for the implementation of employment ideological and political education.As a practical activity,what is the current status of the implementation of employment ideological and political education?Through methods such as questionnaire surveys,individual interviews,and reviewing annual reports on employment quality,first-hand data on the current status of employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions in the new era has been obtained.Currently,college students’employment mindset exhibits characteristics such as a strong desire for further education,a preference for employment within the public sector,weak intentions to stay locally for employment or entrepreneurship,and a focus on salary and benefits.While significant achievements have been made in past employment ideological and political education efforts,several issues remain,including the“bias”in the content of employment ideological and political education,the“utilitarianism”of its objectives,the“isolation”of its subjects,the‘fragmentation’of its work cycles,and the“disconnect”in its educational methods.The numerous issues in employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions in the new era reflect the contradictions within this practical activity.The fundamental contradiction is the mismatch between societal demands and college students’professional competencies.Under this fundamental contradiction,specific contradictions emerge,such as the mismatch between college students’employment capabilities and job requirements,and the mismatch between college students’employment values and societal mainstream values.These contradictions pose challenges and difficulties for employment ideological and political education.The emergence of these issues can be analyzed from multiple dimensions,including the challenges posed by the national policy of self-directed career choice,the impact of diverse societal values,the relatively lagging update of employment ideological and political education concepts in higher education institutions,the underutilization of enterprises’roles and functions,the non-positive influence of families on university students’employment,and the existence of employment values among university students that are incompatible with societal norms.Employment ideological and political education is an important component of“all-round education”and a crucial aspect of ideological and political education.Based on the issues identified in the current situation analysis,in comparison with the educational objectives of employment ideological and political education in higher education institutions in the new era,and drawing on historical experiences in employment ideological and political education,this paper proposes optimization pathways from both theoretical guiding principles and practical implementation methods.This paper proposes optimization pathways from five aspects:conceptual restructuring—establishing the concept of“comprehensive employment ideological and political education”;strategic adjustment—implementing the“all-round education”strategy for employment ideological and political education;strengthening the main body—constructing a multi-dimensional and collaborative main body for employment ideological and political education;method innovation—improving the“X+employment”method for employment ideological and political education;and improving evaluation—constructing a four-dimensional integrated comprehensive evaluation system for employment ideological and political education.In the new era,this work faces new environments and new audiences,and traditional working methods will no longer effectively achieve educational objectives.The numerous issues in university student employment must rely on the“invisible force”—the effective intervention of employment ideological and political education.Employment ideological and political education must address both the ideological issues and practical problems of university students’employment;it is both an ideological and political task and a professional task;it is both an educational project and a service project.On the new journey toward building an education powerhouse,universities must deeply recognize and grasp the significant role of talent support in the construction of Chinese-style modernization,and focus on doing a good job in graduate employment work.By taking employment ideological and political education as a lever,they can transform talent advantages into effective momentum for high-quality development.更多还原