【作者】 姜雪；

【导师】 张金梁；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国史， 2025， 博士

【摘要】 洛阳地区在大唐时代是两京之一,是唐代政治核心地域。改革开放后,该地区唐代墓志的出土迎来了前所未有的高峰期。一方面是考古新出土,另一方面由于改革开放与城市开发,致使原本散落在民间的大量唐代墓志呈井喷之势大量涌现。鉴于此,本文选取了从上世纪八十年代至今四十余年间,唐代洛阳新出土(且已出版著录的)两千余方墓志来开展书法研究。而这些研究是建立在我对洛阳墓志长期进行实地考察,以及以多年收藏的大量珍贵唐墓志拓片原件为基础之上进行的。本论文以考古学领域宿白先生对唐代墓葬的分期成果为基石,将其延展至洛阳墓志研究的分期研究中,在此基础上,展开对墓志形制规格与墓主身份的类型学考察,把洛阳新出墓志材料中两千多方墓志进行归纳整理,从中总结出墓志形制与墓主社会阶层以及官吏级别之间的基本规律,并以藩镇将领与县级官吏等不同群体为例,深入分析其职官与墓志形制规格之间的对应关系。经大量剖析对比后得出结论:常规而言,大型墓志可细分为超大型墓志与大型墓志两级,超大型墓志的志主身份显贵,与一品以上皇室成员及获殊遇的重臣相匹配;大型墓志的志主身份地位颇高,多对应一至三品或五品以上要职贵臣;中型墓志通常对应朝廷情况复杂而人数庞大的中层官吏,然此划分标准在实际运用时都存在特例。鉴于唐代官员体系庞大繁杂,在评判划分墓志等级与具体尺寸时,不可单纯依赖具体官职等级进行刻板区分,尚需考量三个关键介入因素,从而使墓志形制研究更趋科学精准。其一为政治因素,个人仕途履历及在政治事件中的抉择与功绩,是左右其墓志规格的关键要素;其二是家世背景,在唐代尤其是唐中期以前,显赫的士族背景在墓志形制大小的使用层面意义重大,即便志主缺乏耀眼的政治经历,亦可能采用超出其官职常规适配的墓志尺寸;其三则是个人经济状况。这些影响墓志尺寸的介入因素是需要我们在判断墓志等级时需要特别注意的。在洛阳新出土的唐志材料中,楷书墓志约占98%,隶书约占1.5%,行书墓志仅约为0.5%。论文第二章在对楷书墓志的研究中,首先探讨唐代书法教育的重要意义以及所针对的不同人群,其次是讨论铨选中的“楷法遒美”所针对的书体问题,提出“楷法遒美”所指应为官方的典范样式,它并不限于楷书本身,篆、隶、楷可能都被包含在内,总之是指以“遒美”为标准的楷模、典范式的标准书写。它在具体使用中,或者说在执行中,按照功能用途的不同,可能会有书体的差异性,因此在唐代教育和科举制度中,篆书、隶书、楷书都有了一个至上而下的统一标准,包括范本和名家楷模,皆为唐代的政务、制度、文化建设服务。也就是说,欧阳询、虞世南、褚遂良、徐浩、颜真卿、李阳冰、韩择木等名家皆具有楷模与典范作用,这些朝廷书法精英都是在楷法遒美这个层面对唐代的书法普及有重要的贡献。也正因为有这样的制度、楷模影响书法,使唐代书法越写越规整严谨,这也表现在洛阳新出土的墓志中。关于楷书墓志研究中,探讨的另一个问题是唐代官方正体书的演变,首次从“禅让制”的视角观察洛阳体的书体转变,从制度史的角度研究其从隶至楷的演变过程。因为本文探讨的是唐代楷书,所以我们称这种影响至唐代的地域书写风格为“洛阳旧体”,与成熟并形成时代特色的唐楷“大唐新样”相对应。在论文中,将按照分期结合墓志等级、不同社会阶层对墓志书法进行分析研究,梳理出洛阳唐志楷书的不同时期发展脉络,更清晰地整理洛阳唐志楷书的风格来源及影响。论文中对洛阳新出土隶书墓志进行汇总、研究与考证尚属首次。随着近年来新出土墓志的增加,我们于分散的已出版材料中共收集到洛阳当地新出土唐代隶书墓志四十余通。这些资料大都是散落在民间的墓志,由各博物馆及爱国的私人藏家近年陆续收藏,目前尚无人对其进行整体考察。这些隶书墓志材料对研究唐代隶书墓志的使用情况、志主身份群体、隶书书法风格变迁是十分重要的一手材料。值得注意的是,通过对隶书墓志的考证,我们将未曾被关注的隶书名家生平及行迹,通过对其仕途信息的整理和历史事件的串联,得出了诸多有价值的信息并总结出使用隶书墓志的墓主人都有以下共同点:一、朝廷显赫的官员、重臣;二、世代工书、重视书法的士家大族;三、在书法上追求复古心态的士人。这些珍贵的隶书墓志和被历史忽略的名家,让我们重新审视隶书在唐代的地位及书法史上的价值。新出土洛阳墓志中署名的书丹者共350人左右(附录共363则,其中有一人书写多志,故约350人左右),结合现有的材料和目前学界的研究,从墓主人身份看不同层面、不同阶层的墓志的价值意义,对三百多名书丹者身份进行辑录与随考。较困难的是对大量完全是“无米之炊”的书写者的考察。在文中我们将墓主、撰文者与书者、刻工作为整体进行对应与关照,搜索一切可见的材料,研究还原了墓志书写者身份与书写风貌。将书写者划分为朝廷高层、中层、基层官吏书家,结合其职官、在朝廷中的地位与其书写形成的原因,进行归类与考证,有诸多新发现并为书法史研究提供了前所未有的基础资料。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the two capitals of the Tang Dynasty,the Luoyang area was the political core of the Tang Dynasty.During a special period of more than forty years from the 1980s to the present,a large number of Tang dynasty tombstones newly unearthed by archaeology,as well as those scattered among the folk brought by reform and opening-up and urban development,have emerged in a spurt,and the unearthing of Tang dynasty tombstones in Luoyang has entered a peak period.This paper selects more than 2,000 newly excavated Tang dynasty tombstones from the1980s to the present,and conducts a comparative study of the calligraphic style of Tang tombstones in Luoyang after a long period of fieldwork and visits,as well as a large number of precious original Tang tombstones in my collection over the years.In this chapter,we give an overview of the new tombstones produced in Luoyang during the past forty years,study the influence of the tombstones on the tombstones in terms of their staging and burial form,and conduct a typological examination of the specifications of the tombstones and the identity of the tomb owners,summarize the basic rules of the tombstones’form and the social class and official rank of the tomb owners in more than two thousand tombstones,and take the county-level We also analyze the correspondence between the officials and the tombstones as an example;meanwhile,we conduct a field survey on the selected sites of tombstones in Luoyang,and summarize the forgery phenomenon of tombstones and topiaries as well as the art market.Chapter 2,the style and calligraphy of the newly excavated Tang Dynasty tombstones in Luoyang.It is proposed for the first time that the so-called"Luoyang style"was still the main body of the inscriptions in the Wei-Jin period under the background of the political cession of the Wei-Jin period,and the so-called"Luoyang style"was only a kind of inscriptions that the minority rulers could not write.The"body"should be the clerical script,called"Luoyang body"is inaccurate,we are here to call the writing style of the characteristics of the Luoyang region,that is,"Luoyang style of writing"In the Sui and Tang dynasties,the political change of the empire was no longer passed down in the form of meditation,the new political system determined a new writing system,the official style was determined to be regular script,and the main body of inscriptions and stones was completely converted to regular script,so in the Tang dynasty,the original"Luoyang style"had fundamentally completed Therefore,in the Tang Dynasty,the original"Luoyang calligraphic style"had been fundamentally transformed from the official style to the regular style and continued,giving a new face to local writing in Luoyang during the Tang Dynasty.In this chapter,we also use a large amount of material to analyze in depth the expression of court and public writing in the regular script tombstones.We also discuss the special phenomenon of the Luoyang Regular Script tombstones,the quotation of Luoyang tombstones in the art market and related information.Chapter 3:The New Style of Tang Clerical Script-The Clerical Script Tombstones of the Tang Dynasty That Cannot Be Ignored.This chapter is a study and examination of newly unearthed official tombstones.With the increase of newly unearthed tombstones in recent years,we have collected more than forty newly unearthed tombstones of the Tang Dynasty in the local area of Luoyang in our scattered published materials.Most of these materials are scattered tombstones,collected by various museums and patriotic private collectors one after another in recent years,and no one has yet summarized and examined them,which are very important first-hand materials for studying the real writing state of the Clerical Script in the Tang Dynasty.It is noteworthy that through the examination of the clerical tombstones,we have put the lives and lines of unnoticed famous clerical writers,and through the collation of information about their career and the stringing of historical events,we have come up with many valuable information,such as Guo Qianguang,a courtly clerical educator who was neglected by the history of calligraphy.Through aggregation and analysis,it was concluded that the tomb owners who used clerical tombstones all had the following points in common:first,they were all prominent officials and important ministers of the court;second,generations of calligraphers and the great families who valued calligraphy;and third,scholars who pursued a retro mentality in calligraphy.Accordingly,I believe it is necessary to conduct a systematic and comprehensive examination of the Official Script tombstones according to different periods,which can not only reproduce the development and changes of the Official Script writing in the tang dynasty tombstones,but also give us a clearer understanding of the real writing state of the Official Script tombstones and the corresponding historical and cultural contexts,and re-examine the status of the Official Script in the tang dynasty and its historical value in the history of calligraphy.Chapter 4,Luoyang Running Script Tombstones:The Epitome of Running Script in Chi.Among the newly excavated tombstones we have seen in Luoyang,there are not many tombstones in running script.There are two reasons for this.First,in the Tang Dynasty,when the regular script was the official style,neither the official script nor the running script was the mainstream.Secondly,it is particularly difficult to carve stones for the Running Script,and the number of excavations is even smaller than that for the Clerical Script.However,because of the scarcity,the investigation and analysis of the calligraphic style,the identity and the specifications of the tombstones in the Running Script also have special significance.There are a total of24 new line calligraphy tombstones,the earliest of which is the"Epitaph of Meng Pu"from the third year of Gaozong Zongzhang(670).From the point of view of writing style,the influence of these mostly"Preface to the Holy Religion"and the courtyard style running script based on Ou and Yu can be seen,and the physique of some single characters is even taken directly from the former,while the whole chapter forms a different style with clear ranks and interspersed regular lines.In other words,the writers of such epitaphs were obviously influenced by the official style of the time,and even deliberately simulated and promoted a certain sense of ritual with official culture.Because of their typical significance,it is necessary for us to make some detailed comparison and analysis.The fifth chapter is about the collection and examination of tombstones in Luoyang during the Tang Dynasty(334).This chapter is the focus of the dissertation,combining the existing materials and the current academic research,and analyzing the value and significance of different levels and classes of tombstones from the identity of the tomb owners,and analyzing the groups of tombstones of the Sutanese and Goguryeo people in Luoyang.We also analyze the identity of more than three hundred writers in Luoyang,and examine the identity of a large number of writers who are completely"cooked without rice",and in this paper,we have taken the tomb owners,writers,writers and engravers as a whole into consideration,and searched for all visible materials to restore the identity and writing style of the writers.更多还原