【作者】 何燕；

【导师】 李爱年；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 生态环境损害救济将生态环境利益纳入保护范畴,是对人类中心主义救济观的拓宽与延展。对其研究,有利于化解生态危机,提升环境质量,满足环境保护法治与生态文明制度建设的需要。目前我国生态环境损害救济研究主要集中于私法领域,对公法领域以及公私二法协同救济的研究较少或缺乏系统性,需要在整体性上明确生态环境损害公私二法救济整合的原则与措施,发掘生态环境损害救济在民事、行政、刑事领域内存在的问题并加以完善。本文运用系统分析、规范分析、实证分析和比较分析的研究方法,对生态环境损害救济展开全面、深入地研究,以期弥补相关研究缺失,提升生态环境损害救济的实效。生态环境损害救济旨在维护生态环境利益,对已发生或可能导致生态环境损害的不当行为主张权利或依法予以纠正并提供法律保护。生态环境损害救济的权益为公共利益,且反映出公法与私法融贯之特色。生态环境损害救济的理论基础与可持续发展价值观、环境权、环境法益密不可分。生态环境概念的面向与可持续发展的目标内在一致;环境权是生态环境损害救济请求权的基础;在环境权未被纳入法律体系的现阶段,可以从解释论的角度,基于环境法益观确定生态环境损害救济的内容。充分发挥生态环境损害救济在民事、行政、刑事各自领域内的局部优势,促进公法救济与私法救济的协同发展是我国生态环境损害救济的应然模式。目前我国生态环境损害救济尚无统一或专门的法律规定,呈现分散化特点。生态环境损害私法救济的现状表现为:民事救济方式多样,且主要为生态环境修复与生态环境损害赔偿;生态环境修复“行为”优先于“金钱给付”;民事救济条件不同于生态环境损害私益侵权。生态环境损害公法救济的现状表现为:行政救济的方式为管控式;行政救济条件区分为“必备条件”与“选择条件”;行政规制手段趋于单向研究;刑事救济的法益由单纯以人类利益为中心的法益转变为人类利益与生态利益之共同法益;刑事救济范畴限定;生态环境损害类犯罪主观方面“过失”的认定在《刑法》条文中未明示。生态环境损害救济是集私法救济与公法救济于一身的新兴的完整的体系,需要以系统论的方法从整体与局部分别着手,检视现存问题,反思根本原因,探索解决之道。我国生态环境损害救济在私法领域存在有生态环境修复具体措施不明确;生态环境修复与私益诉讼判令“修复”、惩罚性赔偿、环境行政代履行存在冲突;生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼分离;生态环境损害赔偿磋商的司法协议确认不明;生态环境损害赔偿的计算与估值欠缺具体化等问题。生态环境损害救济在公法领域存在有行政救济模式过时;行政指导缺乏;责令改正定性有误;生态环境损害行政代履行欠规范;生态环境损害类犯罪罪名归类不妥;刑事救济范围有限;生态环境损害类犯罪主观构成要件认知偏差;法定刑配置过轻等问题。生态环境损害公私二法协同救济存在有民事救济被刑事覆盖;刑事救济被行政阻断;救济门类对接不畅等问题。完善我国生态环境损害救济需要重视局部作用的发挥,弥补私法救济与公法救济的漏洞。生态环境损害私法救济的完善需要细化生态环境修复的具体措施;实现生态环境修复与私益诉讼判令“修复”、惩罚性赔偿、环境行政代履行的调适与衔接;融合生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼;具体化生态环境损害赔偿磋商的司法协议确认;完善生态环境损害赔偿的计算与估值。生态环境损害公法救济的完善宜采取“环境行政指导+环境行政监督监察+环境行政处理(责令改正)+环境行政处罚+环境行政代履行”的救济模式;引入生态环境损害行政指导并明确适用条件;生态环境损害责令改正的性质是环境行政处理,不是行政命令;规范生态环境损害行政代履行的程序;生态环境损害刑事救济的功能应重视生态环境修复;环境犯罪的罪种名称宜改为“污染与破坏环境罪”,以理顺“环境”与“资源”的逻辑关系;拓宽刑事救济范畴,将非濒危、珍贵物种但对生物多样性或整体环境系统具有重要价值的野生物种纳入刑法的保护对象,并对蓄意破坏生态系统平衡的违法行为给予刑事制裁;“过失”成为生态环境损害类犯罪的主观要件缺乏文理依据,生态环境损害类犯罪主观构成要件应认定为“故意”;提高生态环境损害类犯罪的法定刑配置。同时,我国生态环境损害救济的完善也需要强化整体对局部的支配与统率,实现公私二法救济的整合。生态环境损害公私二法救济的整合是遵循系统论、顺应现实发展的必然产物。应采用“行政救济优先、刑事救济配合、民事救济补充”的原则落实生态环境损害公私二法救济的整合。明确生态环境损害公私二法救济整合的对接主体。理顺生态环境损害多项救济适用的顺位。在具体措施方面,可将生态环境修复升格为环境保护法的基本制度;将作为民事手段的“执行承诺”引入刑事救济。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relief of ecological environment damage brings the ecological environment interests into the protection category,which is the expansion and extension of the relief concept of anthropocentrism.The research on it will help to resolve the ecological crisis,improve the environmental quality,and meet the needs of the construction of environmental protection rule of law and ecological civilization system.At present,the research on the relief of ecological environment damage in China is mainly concentrated in the field of private law,and the research on the public law field and the public and private law coordination relief is less or lack of systematicness.It is necessary to define the principles and measures of the integration of public and private law relief for ecological environment damage as a whole,and explore the problems existing in the civil,administrative and criminal fields of ecological environment damage relief and improve them.This paper uses the research methods of system analysis,normative analysis,empirical analysis and comparative analysis to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study on the relief of ecological environmental damage,in order to make up for the lack of relevant research and improve the effectiveness of the relief of ecological environmental damage.The purpose of relief for ecological environment damage is to safeguard the interests of the ecological environment,claim the right or correct the misconduct that has occurred or may cause ecological environment damage according to law and provide legal protection.The rights and interests of ecological environmental damage relief are public interests,and reflect the characteristics of the integration of public law and private law.The theoretical basis of ecological environmental damage relief is closely related to the values of sustainable development,environmental rights and environmental legal interests.The orientation of the concept of ecological environment is inherently consistent with the goal of sustainable development;Environmental right is the basis of the claim for relief of ecological environmental damage;At the present stage when environmental rights have not been incorporated into the legal system,we can determine the content of relief for ecological environmental damage based on the concept of environmental law interests from the perspective of interpretation.To give full play to the local advantages of ecological environmental damage relief in civil,administrative and criminal fields,and promote the coordinated development of public law relief and private law relief is the appropriate model of ecological environmental damage relief in China.At present,there is no uniform or special legal provision for the relief of ecological environmental damage in China,which is characterized by decentralization.The current situation of private law relief for ecological environment damage is as follows: civil relief is diversified,mainly including ecological environment restoration and ecological environment damage compensation;The "behavior" of ecological environment restoration is prior to "money payment";The conditions of civil relief are different from the infringement of private interests of ecological environmental damage.The current situation of public law relief for ecological environmental damage is as follows: the administrative relief mode is the control mode;Administrative relief conditions are divided into "necessary conditions" and "optional conditions";The means of administrative regulation tend to be one-way research;The legal interest of criminal relief has changed from the legal interest centered solely on human interests to the common legal interest of human interests and ecological interests;The scope of criminal relief;The identification of "negligence" in the subjective aspect of crimes of ecological environment damage is not clearly stated in the provisions of the Criminal Law.The relief of ecological environment damage is a new and complete system that integrates private law relief and public law relief.It needs to start from the whole and part separately with a systematic approach,examine the existing problems,reflect on the root causes,and explore solutions.In the field of private law,the specific measures of ecological environment restoration are not clear;There are conflicts between ecological environment restoration and private interest litigation order "restoration",punitive compensation,environmental administrative agency performance;The litigation of compensation for ecological environmental damage is separated from the civil public interest litigation of environment;The confirmation of the judicial agreement for consultation on compensation for ecological environmental damage is unclear;The calculation and valuation of compensation for ecological environmental damage are not specific.In the field of public law,there are outdated administrative relief models for ecological environmental damage relief;Lack of administrative guidance;To order correction of qualitative errors;The performance of the administrative agency for ecological environmental damage is not standardized;Improper classification of crimes of ecological environment damage;The scope of criminal relief is limited;Cognitive deviation of subjective elements of crimes of ecological environment damage;The allocation of statutory punishment is too light.The public and private coordinated relief of ecological environment damage has civil relief covered by criminal;Criminal relief is blocked by administration;Poor connection of relief categories.To improve the relief of ecological environmental damage in China,we need to pay attention to the local role and make up for the loopholes between private law relief and public law relief.The improvement of private law relief for ecological environment damage needs to refine specific measures for ecological environment restoration;Realizing the adjustment and connection between ecological environment restoration and private interest litigation order "restoration",punitive compensation,and environmental administrative agency performance;Integrate ecological environmental damage compensation litigation and environmental civil public interest litigation;The confirmation of the judicial agreement on the negotiation of compensation for ecological environmental damage;Improve the calculation and valuation of compensation for ecological environmental damage.The improvement of public law relief for ecological environmental damage should adopt the relief mode of "environmental administrative guidance+environmental administrative supervision and supervision+environmental administrative treatment(order to correct)+environmental administrative punishment+environmental administrative agency performance";Introducing administrative guidance on ecological environmental damage and defining applicable conditions;The nature of ordering correction of ecological environment damage is environmental administrative treatment,not administrative order;Standardize the procedures of administrative agency performance of ecological environmental damage;The function of criminal relief for ecological environment damage should attach importance to ecological environment restoration;The name of environmental crime should be changed to "the crime of pollution and destruction of the environment" to straighten out the logical relationship between "environment" and "resources";Broaden the scope of criminal relief,include non endangered and precious species that are important to biodiversity or the overall environmental system into the protection objects of criminal law,and impose criminal sanctions on illegal acts that deliberately undermine the balance of the ecosystem;The subjective element of "negligence" as a crime of ecological environmental damage lacks the basis of literary theory,and the subjective element of the crime of ecological environmental damage should be identified as "intent";We will improve the allocation of legal penalties for crimes that damage the ecological environment.At the same time,the improvement of the relief for ecological environmental damage in China also needs to strengthen the overall control and command of the local,and achieve the integration of public and private relief.The integration of public and private remedies for ecological environmental damage is an inevitable outcome of following the system theory and conforming to the development of reality.The principle of "priority of administrative relief,cooperation of criminal relief and supplement of civil relief" should be adopted to implement the integration of public and private remedies for ecological environmental damage.Clarify the docking subject of public and private relief integration for ecological environment damage.Straighten out the order of application of multiple remedies for ecological environmental damage.In terms of specific measures,ecological environment restoration can be upgraded to the basic system of environmental protection law;The "implementation commitment" as a civil means is introduced into criminal relief.更多还原