【作者】 王勇；

【导师】 谭久彬；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 仪器科学与技术， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 长期以来我国在高端精密仪器领域的人机工程学研究比较滞后,没有一套适用于显微仪器产品设计的人机工程学理论方法。设计者们往往更专注于提高仪器的功能,而忽略了仪器的操作舒适性、高效性和宜人性。对于显微镜操作者的舒适性和疲劳特性研究尚不明确,对于高端生物显微镜等台式显微仪器的作业空间设计原则研究尚未展开,对于高端显微仪器产品的美学设计原则缺乏探索性研究。亟需一套以操作者为中心,将人的操作行为、使用体验与仪器设备的设计关联成一个有机整体的设计原则与评价方法。本文围绕上述高端生物显微镜在人机工程学领域存在的问题,针对高端生物显微镜操作者的使用需求,从显微镜操作舒适性及疲劳特性评价方法与实验、台式显微仪器作业空间设计原则与评估、以及显微仪器产品美学设计原则与美度评价方法等方面展开研究,所完成的主要创新工作如下:首先,提出一种显微镜操作舒适性与疲劳特性的主客观评价方法。本方法以显微镜操作者的颈曲角度、前臂与上臂的肘关节夹角等姿态参数为自变量,以颈部头夹肌、胸锁乳突肌、斜方肌、前臂桡侧腕曲肌和肱桡肌的肌电信号幅值RMS、平均功率MPF等为因变量,基于JASA时频联合分析法、AHP层次分析法,并结合操作者主观评价RPE评分,实现了显微镜操作舒适性与疲劳特性评价;设计了基于特征点的人体颈部姿态角与手臂姿态角的多目立体视觉测量方案。其次,设计了显微镜操作舒适性与疲劳特性评估实验及测试方案。实验共分为三部分,即显微镜操作颈肩部舒适性评价实验、手臂舒适性评价实验以及显微镜操作疲劳特性评价实验。实验针对显微镜常规操作姿态,在颈曲角度0～40°、肘关节角度90～150°范围内,测得颈肩部与手臂肌肉的肌电信号。基于ANOVA方差分析、配对T检验等统计方法对实验中被测者肌电信号的RMS进行了分析,发现头夹肌、胸锁乳突肌的载荷与颈曲角正相关,载荷区间为4%～30%MVC;基于AHP层次分析法与主观RPE评分赋权计算,建立了样本的操作舒适性评价模型,并得出了显微镜操作的最舒适姿态;基于序列JASA时频联合分析法,结合RMS和MPF拟合直线的斜率分析了操作不适和舒适姿态下被测肌肉的疲劳情况,发现头夹肌更易发生疲劳。再次,针对生物显微镜的使用需求,提出一种台式显微仪器的“人仪一体化”作业空间设计原则。基于该原则,针对生物显微镜的作业特点及工作路径,设计了三种作业空间布局方案;利用Jack人机仿真软件对不同作业空间布局方案进行了建模和能效分析,筛选出两种用时短、能耗低的方案;完成了作业姿态的对比实验,并对颈肩部主要肌肉的表面肌电信号RMS值进行了配对T检验。结果表明转向一侧的头夹肌及对应一侧的胸锁乳突肌最为敏感、载荷较大,其RMS的平均变化率分别为56.4%和8.4%,并结合操作者主观评价最终确定了重叠型为最优布局形式。采用Jack软件仿真和表面肌电舒适性评价实验相结合的评估方法验证了“人仪一体化”作业空间设计原则的有效性。最后,提出了一种显微仪器产品美学设计原则及其美度评价方法。该美学设计原则基于审美认知规律和形式美法则拟定了显微仪器产品造型平衡性、造型有序性、造型整体性、色彩功能性等核心内容。基于该原则设计了一款激光扫描共聚焦生物显微镜的产品外观。该美度评价方法基于Ngo和伯克霍夫美度计算模型构建了显微仪器产品的平衡度、对称度、比例度、节奏度、整体度、秩序度、色彩美度7个量化指标,并结合主观评价结果基于模糊评价方法实现了对显微仪器产品外观美感的量化评价。对四款激光共聚焦生物显微镜进行了美度评价实验,结果验证了在该美学设计原则指导下设计的显微仪器产品具有较好的外观美感。更多还原

【Abstract】 China has historically lagged behind in the ergonomics research of advanced precise instruments.There is a lack of comprehensive ergonomics theory or design methodology that is appropriate for microscopic instruments.Designers are often more focused on improving the function of instruments,but ignore the operation comfort,efficiency and amenity of instruments.The research on the comfort and fatigue characteristics of the microscope operators is not clear,the design principles for the work space of advanced biological microscope and other desk microscopic instruments have not been carried out,and the aesthetic design principles for advanced microscopic instruments are lack of exploratory research.A set of design principles and evaluation techniques are urgently needed that take operators as the center and connect operation behavior,usage experience,and instrument design into an organic whole.In order to solve the above problems existing in the field of ergonomics of the advanced biological microscope,and meet the operator requirement of advanced biological microscope,the dissertation was completed in several aspects such as the evaluation method and experiment of the operation comfort and the fatigue characteristics,the design principles and evaluation for work space of desk microscopic instruments,as well as the aesthetics design principle and evaluation for microscopic instrument product.The main innovations accomplished are as follows.Firstly,the dissertation proposes a subjective and objective evaluation method for comfort and fatigue characteristics of operating microscopes.This method takes the posture parameters of microscope operators such as the neck angle,the elbow angle between the forearm and upper arm as independent variables,and the root mean square(RMS)and mean power frequency(MPF)of electromyographic signal are taken as dependent variables that was acquired on the splenius capitis,sternocleidomastoid,trapezius,flexus carpi radialis,and brachioradialis.The comfort and fatigue characteristics of operating microscope were evaluated based on the joint analysis of EMG spectrum and amplitude(JASA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and rating of perceived exertion(RPE).A measurement scheme with the cooperative marks based on multiocular stereo vision for the pose angles of operators neck and arm was designed.Secondly,the evaluation experiment and test schemes for microscope operation comfort and fatigue characteristics have been designed.The experiment was divided into three parts: the evaluation experiment of neck and shoulder comfort,the evaluation experiment of arm comfort and the evaluation experiment of fatigue characteristics during operating the microscope.In these experiment,the electromyographic signals of neck,shoulder and arm muscles were measured in the range of 0-40 ° of neck flexion and90-150 ° of elbow flextion.Based on ANOVA,paired t-test and other statistical methods,the RMS of the EMG signals for the measured subjects were analyzed.The results show that the load of the splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid was positively correlated with the neck flexion angle,and the load range was 4%-30% MVC.The evaluation model of operation comfort for the samples was established based on AHP and RPE,and the most comfortable posture in operating the microscope was obtained.Based on the sequential JASA,combined with the slope of RMS and MPF fitting line,the fatigue of the measured muscle was analyzed in the uncomfortable operation and comfortable operation,and the analysis results show that the splenius capitis was more prone to fatigue earlier.Thirdly,according to the usage requirements of biological microscope,a design principle with "human-instrument integration" idea for work space of desk microscopic instruments was proposed.By this principle,three kinds of layout schemes for work space were designed based on the operation characteristics and working path of the biological microscope.The man-machine simulation software Jack was used to model and analyze the energy efficiency of different layout schemes,and two schemes with short time and low energy consumption were selected.The contrast experiment of operation posture was completed,and the paired T test was performed to the RMS of surface EMG signal for the main muscles on the neck and shoulder.The results showed that the splenius capitis on the turning side and the sternocleidomastoid on the corresponding side were the most sensitive with bigger load variation,and the average RMS change rates were 56.4% and 8.4% respectively.Combined with the subjective evaluation of operators,the more comfortable overlapped type was finally determined as the optimal layout.The assessment method verified the effectiveness of the "humaninstrument integration" principle,which can provide guidance for the workstation design of related microscopic instruments.Finally,an aesthetic design principle and evaluation method for microscopic instrument was proposed.Based on the law of aesthetic cognition and the law of formal beauty,the aesthetic design principle formulates the core contents of microscopic instrument produce such as modeling balance,modeling order,modeling integrity,coloring function,and so on.The product appearance of a biological confocal laser scanning microscope is designed based on the principle.Based on the beauty calculation model of Ngo and Birkhoff,The aesthetic evaluation method constructs seven quantitative indicators for the microscopic instrument product such as balance degree,symmetry degree,proportion degree,rhythm degree,overall degree,order degree,color beauty degree.Combined with the subjective evaluation result,and based on the fuzzy evaluation method,the quantitative beauty evaluation of microscopic instrument product appearance was completed.The beauty level of four kinds of biological confocal laser scanning microscope was evaluated,and the results verified that the designed microscopic instruments under the guidance of the aesthetic principle possessed better aesthetic appearance.更多还原