【作者】 杨靖；

【导师】 杨兴国；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 水利水电工程管理， 2023， 博士

【摘要】 我国水能资源技术可开发量约为6.87亿k W,截至2022年底已开发约3.68亿k W,剩余70%待开发水能资源集中在西部高原地区。未来大规模高原水电开发建设过程中人工和机械资源投入巨大,如已列为国家十四五发展战略YX水电开发,投资超过1万亿元,高峰期从业人员8万多人,机械投入约1140亿元。海拔3000 m以上已投产的ZM、JC等水电工程实践表明,人工和机械成本均超总成本的35%。由于高原地区氧含量低、高寒低温、昼夜温差大、干燥多风以及辐射强等独特的自然地理气候环境,使人工和机械的效率明显下降,给高原水电从业人员的健康维护、成本与建设周期控制等带来不小的挑战。高原水电人机工效对建设成本及工期控制关系紧密,而现有高原工程管理和研究中多通过生理指标、行为表现等单一参数确定人工和机械效率,针对性较弱,对高原水电工程精细管理和高质量发展支撑不足,开展高原水电工程施工中的人机效率演化及费用影响研究具有重要理论价值和工程实用意义。本文选取了14座不同海拔的水电工程,从不同工种人群、机群的影响特征以及人-机-组织互馈影响下的效率评估与费用影响开展研究。首先通过量表开发和测试,于2018-2019年对海拔500 m～4150 m的13座水电工程所属533名从业人员开展工作能力指数、影响因素及评价研究。其次以海拔3000 m以上的GD等4座代表性大型水电工程为研究对象,于2013-2019年开展验证研究,获得了石方工程、混凝土工程、基础处理工程及TBM掘进等典型工种下22类从业人员和46种代表性机械工效参数,并开展响应特征分析,从而对人机工效水平及费用影响进行评价,其中TBM工效为国内首次在海拔3500 m以上水电工程中测试。最后对高原水电人-机工效耦合作用对单价、费用成本等分析,并与内地类似1座水电工程对比开展费用修正系数研究。主要创新性成果如下:(1)建立了基于高原环境-生理-心理等要素的水电开发个人工作能力量化结构模型。在国内外通用的工作能力指数(WAI)基础上,充分考虑高原环境对从业人员生理、心理和作息的影响,研究制定了基于分类群体测试的高原水电从业人员工作能力量表(HWAI);通过对13座不同海拔条件水电工程从业人员研究,揭示了不同海拔条件下水电从业人员工作能力影响因素、参数和分布规律,工作能力随海拔降低率为2.73%/km;建立了综合考虑高原环境、生理、心理因素的个人工作能力量化结构评估模型,明确了水电从业人员工作能力与生理、心理及高原环境之间的量化关系。成果为高原水电从业人员职业健康维护、水电工程精细化管理和人机工效研究提供了理论基础。(2)构建了考虑个人-组织霍桑效应的人工工效评估模型。以JC等4座海拔3000 m以上大型水电工程为研究对象,实测取得了高原不同工种水电从业人员的工效指标;对实测工效指标开展了评价工作,揭露了高原人工工效测试的霍桑效应和高原环境对人工工效降低影响的累计效应;基于评价成果及人工工效响应特征研究,建立了基于高原环境-个人-组织因素的人工工效EIO模型,揭示了实测人工耗量平均比现行水电定额低65.14%的规律。成果可为高原水电人力资源组织及其费用概算等提供技术支撑。(3)建立了高原环境水电开发机械工效的多因素评估模型。通过DXL等4座海拔3000 m以上的大型水电工程46种代表性机械工效实测,明晰了机械工效的主要响应特征,提出了高原水电机械工效客观参数;综合分析HWAI、高原环境、设备特性和施工管理等多种因素,构建了考虑环境、操作人员、机械性能和组织管理的高原水电机械工效EIMO模型,代表性实测机械耗量平均比现行水电定额高43.58%;揭示了3570 m海拔条件下的首台10 m级TBM全过程工效,即高原环境下停机时间更长,占比接近74%,其中地质及气候环境因素影响33%,组织管理因素影响12%,机械自身因素影响8%。成果可为高原水电机械设备优化配置及其费用估算等提供参考,其中国内首次获取的高原TBM工效可为国家十四五重大工程YX水电开发TBM机群管理提供实践依据。(4)提出了高原环境水电开发的人-机效率耦合费用影响评价方法。依据ZM等水电工程建设全过程管理信息,量化分析了高原水电人机工效耦合作用对成本费用的影响,综合提高约6.86%;评价了人工工效和机械工效对成本费用的贡献率,分别为0.428%和0.216%,提高工效对成本费用的降低影响显著;分析了实际人工、机械单价与现行定额的偏离程度,其单价均值系数分别为2.84和0.61,人工单价偏离程度高,机械单价偏离程度低;提出了人工、机械、单价及费用指数的修正系数,建立了考虑高原环境影响的人-机效率耦合费用评估模型。成果可为高原水电开发工效-成本-费用分析、建设周期及保障措施制定等决策提供理论与技术支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 The exploitable capacity of China’s hydropower resources technology is approximately 687 million k W.As of the end of 2022,approximately 368 million k W has been developed,and the remaining 70%of the hydropower resources to be developed are concentrated in the western plateau region.In the process of large-scale plateau hydropower development and construction in the future,there will be a huge investment in human and mechanical resources.For example,YX hydropower development,which has been listed as the national 14th Five Year Plan development strategy,has an investment of over 1 trillion yuan,with over 80000employees during the peak period,and approximately 114 billion yuan in mechanical investment.The practice of ZM,JC and other hydropower projects that have been put into operation at an altitude of over 3000 meters shows that both labor and mechanical costs exceed 35%of the total cost.Due to the unique natural geographical and climatic environment of low oxygen content,high cold and low temperature,large temperature difference between day and night,dry and windy,and strong radiation in plateau areas,the efficiency of humans and machinery has significantly decreased,posing significant challenges to the health maintenance,cost and construction cycle control of plateau hydropower workers.The human-machine efficiency of plateau hydropower projects is closely related to the control of construction costs and schedule.However,in the current management and research of plateau hydropower projects,the determination of human/machine efficiency is often based on a single parameter such as physiological indicators/behavioral performance,which has weak specificity and insufficient support for precise management and high-quality development of plateau hydropower projects.Conducting research on the evolution of human-machine efficiency and cost impact in plateau hydropower project construction has important theoretical value and practical engineering significance.In this dissertation,14 hydropower projects at different elevations are selected to study the influence characteristics of different work groups and the efficiency evaluation under the influence of man-machine-organization interaction.Firstly,through the scale development and testing,the work ability index,influencing factors and evaluation of 533 employees belonging to 13 hydropower projects with an altitude of 500m～4150m were studied from 2018 to 2019.Secondly,taking GD and other four representative large hydropower projects above 3000m altitude as the research objects,validation research was carried out from 2013 to 2019,and 22 types of employees and 46 kinds of representative mechanical ergonomic parameters of typical work types such as stone engineering,concrete engineering,foundation treatment engineering and TBM tunneling were obtained,and response characteristics were analyzed.The ergonomic level and influence of TBM were evaluated,among which TBM ergonomic level was tested for the first time in hydropower project above 3500m in China.Finally,the effects of man-machine coupling on unit price,cost and so on are analyzed,and the cost correction coefficient is studied compared with similar hydropower projects in China’s mainland.The main innovative achievements are as follows:(1)A quantitative structural model of individual working ability for hydropower development based on plateau environment-physiological-psychological factors is established.On the basis of the working ability index(WAI),which is common at home and abroad,and considering the physiological,psychological,rest and rest effects in the plateau environment,the working Ability Scale(HWAI)of hydropower employees in the plateau is developed based on the classified group test.Based on the study of 13 hydropower employees at different altitudes,the factors,parameters and distribution of working ability of hydropower employees at different altitudes are revealed.The working ability decreases with altitude by 2.73%/km.The quantitative structural assessment model of individual working ability was established,which considered the plateau environment,physiological and psychological factors,and the quantitative relationship between the hydropower workers’working ability,physiological and psychological factors and plateau environment was clarified.The results provide a theoretical basis for the occupational health maintenance,the fine management of hydropower projects and the ergonomics research of hydropower employees in plateau.(2)A labor efficiency evaluation model considering the person-organization Hawthorne effect is constructed.Taking JC and other 4 large hydropower projects above 3000m above sea level as the research objects,the ergonomics indexes of different types of hydropower employees on the plateau have been measured.The Hawthorne effect and the cumulative effect of the plateau environment on the reduction of the artificial efficiency were found.Based on the evaluation results and the characteristics of labor efficiency response,the EIO model of labor efficiency based on the factors of plateau environment,individual and organization was established,and the law of the average measured labor consumption decreased by65.14%compared with the current hydropower quota was revealed.The results can provide technical support for human resource organization and cost estimate of highland hydropower.(3)A multi-factor evaluation model of mechanical efficiency for hydropower development in plateau environment is established.Through the measurement of 46representative mechanical ergonomics of 4 large hydropower projects above 3000m above sea level,such as DXL,the main response characteristics of mechanical ergonomics were clarified,and the objective parameters of the ergonomics of highland hydropower machinery were determined.Based on the comprehensive analysis of HWAI,plateau environment,equipment characteristics and construction management,the EIMO model of plateau hydropower machinery efficiency was established considering environment,operators,mechanical properties and organization management.The average measured mechanical consumption was43.58%higher than the current hydropower quota.The whole process efficiency of the first 10m level TBM at an altitude of 3570m revealed that the downtime in the plateau environment was longer,nearly 74%,of which geological and climatic environmental factors affected 33%,organizational management factors affected12%,and mechanical factors affected 8%.The results can provide a reference for the optimal configuration of highland hydropower machinery and equipment and its cost estimation,among which the first highland TBM efficiency obtained in China can provide a practical basis for the TBM cluster management of the national 14th Five-Year major project-YX hydropower development.(4)A human machine efficiency coupling cost impact assessment method for hydropower development in plateau environments has been proposed.Based on the management information of the whole process of the construction of hydropower projects such as ZM,the impact of human-ergonomic coupling on the cost of highland hydropower is quantitatively analyzed,and the comprehensive increase is about 6.86%.The contribution rates of labor efficiency and mechanical efficiency to cost are 0.428%and 0.216%respectively.The improvement of labor efficiency has a great impact on the reduction of cost.The average coefficient of unit price is 2.84and 0.61 respectively.The deviation degree of unit price of labor is high and the efficiency level is high,while the deviation degree of unit price of machinery is low and the efficiency is low.The correction coefficients of labor,machinery,unit price and cost index are put forward,and the coupling evaluation model of man-machine efficiency considering the impact of plateau environment is established.The results can provide theoretical and technical support for ergonomic cost-cost analysis,construction cycle and safeguard measures.更多还原