【作者】 王睿；

【导师】 张丽萍；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 宗教学， 2023， 博士

【摘要】 在近代来华的一百多个新教差会中,基督复临安息日会(后简称安息日会)的规模及活动时长虽不及一些大型教会,但它却建立了完整的传教体系和各类组织。1903年,该教会传教士开始进入中国腹地活动,考虑到交通、经济、社会等因素,他们最终选址上海作为安息日会在东亚的教务中心,这就决定了江南地区将成为该教会发展的重心。在近半个世纪里,安息日会能够立足江南、辐射东亚,这与其富有特色的传教方式是分不开的。与此同时,时兆报馆作为该教会较早建立的附属机构,曾出版丰富而又系统的汉语基督教书刊。通过分析这些文献资料可见,“基督复临”主张、“三育”教育体系和疗养方法的运用是该教会区别于其他教会的主要特征。可惜的是,迄今为止涉及上述内容的研究鲜有所见。本文以马克思历史唯物主义为指导,运用历史学、宗教学等学科的研究方法,将中国江南地区作为主要考察区域,力求较全面的探索安息日会的传教情况,进而揭示基督教在华发展规律,丰富基督教传播史研究,弥补相关成果的不足。本论文由绪论、正文、结语、附录四部分组成。其中,绪论部分先对近代安息日会发展情况予以简要介绍,进而陈述研究这一教会的意义所在。随后,在回顾国内外研究现状的基础上分别就研究方法、概念界定、创新性等问题予以说明。第一章主要叙述安息日会进入江南地区前的历史背景。一方面将回溯安息日会的历史起源,围绕怀雅各等教派领袖在19世纪的活动来阐释教会的创建过程。另一方面概述安息日会在美国本土和世界各地的发展情况,早期来华传教活动亦在此章呈现。第二章试图勾勒出安息日会在江南地区的历史发展脉络。首先分阶段叙述传教士在该地区传教的过程及其面临的困境。其次,分别对传教区域的划分、新旧结合的传教方法、书报员工作以及创办安息日学等活动展开讨论。第三章转向该教会在江南地区的组织、经济和人事制度研究。安息日会传教士初到江南时,教会的各项制度尚处于修改完善阶段,随着时间的推移,传教士们将这些新的方案应用于各教区,保障了传教活动的正常运行。中外教职人员是制度建设的参与者与实施者,他们在教法会规指导下的布道活动在保持教会传统的同时,又能根据地方实际优化传道策略,有助于巩固安息日会在江南地区的生存基础,因而本章第三节将选取部分骨干人物予以介绍。第四章着重对安息日会的文字出版活动进行梳理研究。时兆报馆作为民国时期影响一时的出版社,编印了种类丰富、数量巨大的基督教书籍杂志,其出版活动毫不逊色于其他教会书局。报馆业务自20世纪10年代开始步入正轨,到20世纪20年代进入全面发展时期,诸如《末世牧声》《时兆月报》《基督教育》等期刊的栏目、特点亦在这一时期定型。鉴于此,笔者在所能触及的书刊中展开个案和对比研究,进而探寻这些汉语基督教文献的价值所在。基于对时兆报馆出版物的爬梳,第五章将关注安息日会的神学思想。神学是基督教会“安身立命”的基础,是信仰所在,也是区别于其他教会的根本。安息日会的神学体系源于《圣经》,根据最新的《教会指南》(2015版)所示,其信仰主张多达二十余项。在“过滤”与其他教派相似的内容后,与“基督复临”有关的“圣所”、“三位天使的信息”、“安息日”、“时兆”等内容将是该章首先讨论的对象。江南地区信徒对“时兆”的本土化释义也是教会在华活动内容之一,它是构建“复临”信仰、企图让亿万华人“归主”的主要方法。因而本章后半部分将从战争、灾难、迷信、道德等构成“时兆”的几个要素来讨论这一神学主张与中国社会文化相结合的情况。第六章聚焦于教会的教育活动。安息日会在教育方面以“三育”(智育、灵育、体育)为原则,为培养宗教人才,推动教会发展,安息日会中华分会和华东联合会在江南各地构建了较为完整的教育系统。具体而言,教育活动可分为学校教育和民众教育,前者参照总会在美国的教育模式而自成体系,从小学、中学到大学皆有之,另外还有形形色色的其他学校来满足不同人士的需求。后者针对因年龄、经济、家庭等造成无法就学的民众而设,一方面向国人传授知识,塑造“新国民”,另一方面企图借助教育活动网罗信徒。第七章则是对医疗与卫生健康宣传活动展开讨论。安息日会在江南地区建立了一些医疗机构,不过大多以药房、诊所为主,只有上海疗养卫生院是这一地区唯一的大型综合性医院。虽然该院和其他教会医院一样有免费诊疗施药、积极救助伤员的举措,但也有其独特的地方,即采取富有教会特色的疗养手段来吸引华人关注。值得注意的是,医院负责人米勒耳等人借助私人关系结交一批民国政要,为提升医院声誉带来了一定效果。同时,该医院热心参与社会活动、培育医学人才,为推动地方社会发展起到作用。除了医疗活动外,他们还通过时兆报馆发行的汉语基督教书刊来宣传教会的卫生健康主张,这些出版物让那些远在他省的民众可凭借行销全国的书刊了解现代卫健知识,这在一定程度上对华人树立卫生观念、养成良好的生活习惯产生了积极影响。结语是在前七章的基础上再次回望安息日会的传教活动和各项事工,尽可能对它产生的作用和意义予以客观评述。同时还将指出不足的一面,以求展示出安息日会在华的得与失。附录部分有五个方面,其一为安息日会外籍传教士中外姓名对照表,方便读者查阅;其二为安息日会大事年记,就该教会诞生发展情况进行概括;其三为教会图展,以更直观的视角了解教会过往今来的境况;其四是各类数据表,意在弥补相关章节研究数据的缺失。其五为部分机构的历届行政人员表,同样作为补充之用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Among the more than 100 Protestant churches came to China in modern times,the Seventh-day Adventist(SDA)was smaller in scale and its duration of activities was shorter than the large churches,but it established a complete missionary system and various social service organizations.In 1903,the missionaries of this Church entered China for the first time.Considering transportation,economy,society and other factors,they finally selected Shanghai as the teaching center of the Seventh-day Adventist in East Asia,which determined that the Jiangnan would become the center of gravity of its development.In nearly half a century of missionary activities,the Seventh-day Adventist was able to be established in Jiangnan and radiate East Asia,which was inseparable from its distinctive missionary methods.Meanwhile,As an early subsidiary of the church,the Signs of the Times Publishing House published abundant and systematic Chinese Christian literatures.According to the analysis of these sources,the belief of "Adventist",the education system of "Sanyu" and the application of recuperative methods were the main features that distinguish the church from other churches.But up to now,there are few research concerning the above content.Under the guidance of Marx’s historical materialism and with the application of multidisciplinary research methods such as history and religion,this paper takes Jiangnan as the main area of investigation,and tries to explore comprehensively the missionary situation of the Seventh-day Adventist,so as to reveal the law of the development of Christianity in China,enrich the research on the history of Christian dissemination,and make up for the deficiency of relevant achievements.This paper consists of introduction,main body,conclusion and appendix.Among them,it describes briefly the situation of the Seventh-day Adventist coming to China in modern times,and states the significance of the study of this church in the introduction part.Then,the research methods,concept definition and innovation are explained on the basis of reviewing the current research status of home and abroad.The first chapter mainly describes the historical background before the Seventh-day Adventist entered Jiangnan.On the one hand,it recalls the historical origin of the Seventh-day Adventist and explains the birth and development process of the church around the activities of the founding leaders such as James White in the 19 th century.On the other hand,it overviews its layout around the world,among which the early missionary activities in China are also presented in this chapter.The second chapter attempts to outline the development of the Seventh-day Adventist in Jiangnan.Firstly,the process of missionary work in the region and the difficulties they faced are described in stages.Then,the division of missionary areas,the combination of old and new missionary methods,the work of the colporteur and the establishment of Sabbath school are discussed.The third chapter studies the church’s organization,economy and personnel system.When the Seventh-day Adventist missionaries first came to Jiangnan,the institutions of the church were still in the process of being revised and perfected.With the passage of time,the missionaries applied new policies to ensure the normal operation of missionary activities in the local area.The clergymen at home and abroad are the participants and practitioners of system construction.Their preaching activities not only maintain the church tradition under the guidance of church laws and regulations,but also adjust missionary strategies according to local conditions,which consolidate the foundation for the survival of the Seventh-day Adventist in Jiangnan.Therefore,this chapter selects to introduces some typical characters.The fourth chapter focuses on the study of the literature activities of the Seventh-day Adventist.As one of influential publisher in Asia during the Republic of China,the Signs of the Times Publishing House published a wide variety of Christian books and magazines,and its literature activities were no less than those of other churches.The development history of the Signs of the Times Publishing House was similar to that of the Seventh-day Adventist in China.By the 1910 s,various publishing businesses were on the right track,and the Signs of the Times Publishing House stepped into comprehensive developing period in the 1920 s.The columns and features of periodicals such as The Last Day Shepherd’s Call,The Signs of the Times and The China Christian Education were also established during this period.A case study and comparative study among the books are carried out,which in order to explore the value of these Chinese Christian literatures.Based on a review of the Signs of the Times Publishing House’s publications,the fifth chapter concentrates on the theological thought of the Seventh-day Adventist.Theology is the foundation of the Christian Church and is the fundamental difference from other religion.The theological system of the Seventh-day Adventist is derived from the Bible.According to the latest Church Handbook(2015 edition),there are more than 20 beliefs from the Seventh-day Adventist.After filtering the contents that are similar to those of other denominations,this chapter emphatically discusses the contents related to the "Seventh Day Adventist" such as "Sanctuary," "Message of the Three Angels," "Sabbath," and "Signs of the Times".The localized interpretation of "Signs of the Times" theology by the followers in Jiangnan is also one of the missionary activities of the church in China,which is the main method of constructing the belief of the Second Coming of Christ and attempting to bring hundreds of millions of Chinese people back to the Lord.Therefore,the second half of this chapter discusses the combination of this theological proposition and Chinese society and culture from the aspects of the war,disaster,superstition,morality and other " Signs of the Times " constituent elements.The educational activities of the church are explored in the sixth chapter.The Seventh-day Adventist follows the principle of "Sanyu education"(mental,spiritual and physical education).In order to train religious talents and promote the development of the church,the Chinese Branch and the East China Association had built a relatively complete education system in all parts of Jiangnan.Specifically,its education can be divided into school education and popular education.The former has its own system based on the education model of United States,from primary school and secondary school to university,and a variety of other schools cater to the needs of different people.The latter is designed for people inside and outside the church who can’t go to school due to age,economy,family and other factors.On the one hand,it aims to impart knowledge to Chinese and shape the "new people".On the other hand,it attempts to recruit followers through educational activities.The seventh chapter discusses medical treatment and health promotion activities.The Seventh-day Adventist established some medical institutions in Jiangnan,but most of them were pharmacies and clinics,and the Shanghai Sanatorium and Hospital was the only large general hospital in this area.Although the hospital,like other Protestant missionary hospitals,had the measures of free diagnosis and active assistance to the wounded,it also had its own unique feature which was to attract the attention of the Chinese people by adopting the means of recuperation full of church characteristics.It was worth noting that Harry Miller who was the head of the hospital made friends with a group of politicians in the Republic of China with the help of personal relation,which brought certain effects to improve the reputation of the hospital.In addition,the hospital actively participated in social activities to cultivate medical talents,which also played a role in the development of local society.Except for treatment activities,health advocacy was also promoted through Chinese Christian literatures published by the Signs of the Times Publishing House.These publications allowed the congregants in other provinces to understand modern health knowledge by virtue of the books and periodicals that were sold all over the country.Furthermore,it had an impact on Chinese people to establish health concepts and develop healthy habits to a certain extent.The conclusion summarizes the missionary activities and ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist based on the above chapters and is as far as possible to make an objective comment on its role and significance.Meanwhile,it points out its shortcomings to show the gains and losses of the Seventh-day Adventist in China.The appendix includes five part and is listed as follows: One is a comparison table of names of foreign priests in the Seventh-day Adventist.The second is a year of events of the Seventh-day Adventist,which summarizes the birth and development of the Seventh-day Adventist and its history in China.The third is an exhibition of the church,hoping to understand the situation of the church in the past and present from a more intuitive perspective.The fourth,various data tables are intended to make up for the lack of research data in relevant chapters.The fifth is a list of the executive staff of some organizations over the years,also for supplementary purposes.更多还原