【作者】 王艳；

【导师】 徐玖平；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 工程管理， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 由于建筑安全事故的高发性,建筑业一直被世界各国视为高危行业。在我国,建筑工人人数高达五千多万,其职业安全一直是行业专家和施工管理者关注的重点。为了保障建筑工人的安全,国家对建筑业安全监督管理体系不断完善,企业也尽可能的用先进安全设备和工程技术,但是安全事故仍时有发生。大量的案例分析发现,80%以上的建筑安全事故是人的不安全行为引起的,学者们才逐渐将焦点转至人的行为。博德事故致因理论提出管理缺陷是造成工人不安全行为的根本原因,在建筑施工现场除了建筑工人的安全/冒险行为以外,还有管理人员的安全培训和激励行为,均是决定着安全生产的重要因素。社会认知理论提出环境和个体共同作用于行为,其中个体包含认知和自身因素两个方面。从个体认知的视角,分别探索组织环境因素对建筑工人和现场管理人员安全相关行为的影响机制,此外再结合个体自身因素(人格特质和人口学特征)与安全认知和行为的关系构建全面的施工现场行为安全模型,主要工作包括如下几点。(1)建立安全培训和安全激励对建筑工人安全行为促进机制模型。通过对该概念模型的实证分析,探索安全培训和安全激励对建筑工人安全(遵守和参与)行为的影响作用,并探索安全知识和安全动机在两者之间的中介作用。(2)建立安全培训和安全激励对建筑工人冒险行为规避机制模型。通过对该概念模型的实证分析,探索安全培训和安全激励对建筑工人冒险行为的影响作用,并探索风险容忍度在两者之间的中介作用。(3)建立项目经理安全氛围对管理人员安全投入影响机制模型。通过对该概念模型的实证分析,探索项目经理安全氛围对管理人员安全培训和安全激励投入的影响作用,并探索安全动机和风险容忍度在两者之间的中介作用。(4)构建建筑施工现场行为安全影响模型。以安全培训和安全激励为连接点,整合建筑工人和管理人员的实证分析,结合人格特质和人口学特征与安全认知和行为的关系,基于组织心理学多层次理论和认知行为理论,建立施工现场行为安全影响模型。通过对53个建筑施工工地历时5个月的问卷调查,共收集到1026名建筑工人和256名现场管理人员的有效问卷,运用验证性因子分析和结构方程模型路径分析对各概念模型进行实证检验,运用独立样本T检验和单因素方差分析探索人格特质和人口学特征与安全认知和行为的关系,主要得到如下结论。(1)安全培训显著正向地影响建筑工人的安全动机、安全知识、安全遵守和安全参与行为,显著负向地影响建筑工人的冒险行为,对风险容忍度无显著影响;安全激励显著负向地影响建筑工人的风险容忍度,对安全动机、安全知识、安全遵守、安全参与和冒险行为均无显著影响。(2)建筑工人安全动机显著正向地影响安全遵守行为,安全知识显著正向地影响安全参与行为,风险容忍度显著正向地影响冒险行为。(3)建筑工人安全动机在安全培训和安全遵守行为之间有部分中介效应,安全知识在安全培训和安全参与行为之间有部分中介效应,风险容忍度在安全激励和冒险行为之间有完全中介效应。(4)项目经理安全氛围显著正向地影响管理人员安全动机、安全培训和安全激励投入,负向地影响管理人员风险容忍度;管理人员安全动机显著正向地影响安全培训和安全激励投入;管理人员风险容忍度显著负向地影响安全激励投入,对安全培训投入无显著影响作用。(5)管理人员安全动机在项目经理安全氛围和安全培训/安全激励投入之间有部分中介效应;风险容忍度在项目经理安全氛围和安全激励投入之间有部分中介效应,在项目经理安全氛围和安全培训投入之间无中介效应。(6)施工现场管理人员和建筑工人均是尽责型和宜人型人格的个体安全表现较好,神经质人格的个体安全表现最差。通过对施工现场管理人员和建筑工人的实证分析,得出如下几点建筑安全管理启示。(1)项目经理是建筑施工现场安全生产的关键。项目经理的安全态度影响着现场管理人员的安全培训和安全激励投入行为,安全培训和安全激励分别以不同的影响机制作用于建筑工人的安全行为和冒险行为,最终反映到安全生产的效果上。(2)不能用严格的奖惩制度代替安全培训教育。安全培训对提高工人的安全行为和规避冒险行为均有直接显著作用;安全激励只会通过负向影响风险容忍度间接减少冒险行为。此外,安全培训倾向于提高工人正向的安全认知(安全动机和安全知识),安全激励倾向于抑制工人负向的安全认知(风险容忍度)。即安全培训是施工安全的基础保障,安全激励只能辅助减少违章操作。(3)通过干预建筑工人内在认知改变其行为。提高工人内在安全动机有助于增加工人的安全遵守行为,提高工人安全知识储备有助于促进安全参与行为,降低工人的风险容忍度有利于减少冒险行为的发生,即建筑工人的安全认知情况决定其行为表现。(4)建筑施工现场员工招聘可进行人格测试。管理人员和建筑工人均是尽责型和宜人型人格的个体安全表现较好,神经质人格的个体安全表现最差。根据事故倾向性理论,可判定神经质人格为事故频发倾向者,因此,就安全而言,招聘时尽量避免神经质人格进入施工现场。研究创新表现在如下几个方面。(1)首次建立建筑施工现场行为安全多层次影响模型。在以往仅仅针对建筑工人安全/不安全/冒险行为的研究基础上,将现场管理人员引入了建筑行为安全研究,并将组织心理学多层次理论融入建筑施工现场组织结构中,建立了施工现场“项目经理→管理人员→建筑工人”自上而下的多层次行为安全影响模型。(2)基于个体认知视角探索组织安全管理。基于认知行为理论,分别对施工现场管理人员和建筑工人两个群体,探索组织管理环境如何通过影响个体安全认知进而影响安全相关行为发生。(3)基于施工现场管理人员视角测量项目安全氛围。借鉴以往研究中对安全氛围和高管团队安全氛围的定义,首次在建筑施工现场管理团队中引入了项目经理安全氛围的概念。更多还原

【Abstract】 Due to the high frequency of safety accidents,the wide world sees the construction industry as a high-risk one.In China,there are more than 50 million construction workers,whose safeties have always been the priority of industry experts and construction managers.In an effort to ensure the safety of construction workers,the government has relentlessly improved the safety supervision and management system involving the construction industry.In the meantime,enterprises engaging in the building have given green lights to advanced safety equipment and engineering technology to be deployed on the daily basis,safety accidents,however,still happen now and again.A large number of case studies suggest that more than 80% of construction safety accidents occur out of man-made unsafe behaviors,as a result,scholars shift their focuses to human behaviors in ways that the thing goes gradually.The accident-causing theory,put forward by Frank Bird,proposes that management deficiency acts as the root cause for unsafe behavior committed by workers.In addition to the safe/risk-taking behavior of construction workers,both safety training and incentive behaviors of managers are equally important factors determining safe production.Social cognitive theory suggests that environment and individuals act on behavior together,in which individual includes cognitive and self-factors.This paper explores the mechanism of environmental factors from individual cognition view affecting the safety-related behaviors of construction workers and site managers,and then utilizes the relations between individual factors,to wit,personality traits and demographic characteristics,and safety cognition and behavior to create a comprehensive safety model of construction site behavioral,the main work contains the following points.(1)Create a model of safety training and safety incentive affecting positively workers’ safety behavior.Through empirical analysis of conceptual model,we explore the impact of safety training and safety incentives on workers’ safety behaviors ―compliance and participation,and the mediating role of safety knowledge and safety motivation have played in between.(2)Create a model of safety training and safety incentives mitigating workers’ risk-taking behavior.Through empirical analysis of conceptual model,we explore impacts of safety training and safety incentives on workers’ risk-taking behavior,and the mediating role of risk tolerance have played in between.(3)Create a model of safety climate created by project managers affecting subordinate managers’ safety input behavior.Through empirical analysis of conceptual model,we explore impacts of safety climate created by project managers on subordinate managers’ safety training and incentive input,and the mediating role of safety motivation and risk tolerance have played in between.(4)Create a model of behavioral safety of construction sites based on the organizational psychology hierarchy theory and cognitive behavior theory.To that end,we need to take safety training and motivation as the connection point,integrate empirical analysis on construction workers and managers,as well as combine the relationship between personality traits and demographic characteristics and safety cognition and behavior.Through a five-month questionnaire survey on 53 construction sites,we collect valid questionnaires totaling in 1282 from 1,026 construction workers and 256 site managers.By employing confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model path analysis to empirically test each conceptual model,and using independent sample T-test and ANOVA to explore the relationship between self-factors(personality traits and demographic characteristics)and safety performance(safety cognition and safety behavior),the main conclusions are as follows.(1)Safety training prominently affects the safety motivation,safety knowledge,safety compliance and safety participation of construction workers in a positive fashion,and significantly negatively affects the risk-taking behavior of construction workers,but has no dramatic effects on risk tolerance;Safety incentives significantly affects construction workers’ risk tolerance in a negative manner,and have no remarkable effects on safety motivation,safety knowledge,safety compliance,safety participation,and risk-taking behavior.(2)Safety motivation of construction workers significantly positively affects safety compliance behavior,safety knowledge significantly positively affects safety participation behavior,and risk tolerance significantly positively affects risk-taking behavior.(3)Safety motivation of construction workers presents incomplete mediating effects between safety training and compliance,safety knowledge does likewise between safety training and participation,risk tolerance,however,presents complete mediating effects between safety incentive and risk-taking behavior.(4)Safety climate created by project managers significantly positively affects subordinate managers’ safety motivation,safety training and safety incentive input,and negatively affects managers’ risk tolerance;subordinate managers’ safety motivation has a significant positive impact on safety training and incentive input;subordinate managers’ risk tolerance significantly negatively affects safety incentive input,but has no effects on safety training input.(5)Safety motivation has incomplete mediating effects between project managers’ safety climate and safety training/safety incentive input;risk tolerance has incomplete mediating effects between project managers’ safety climate and incentive input,but no mediating effects between project managers’ safety climate and training input.(6)While neurotic individuals having the worst safety performance,conscientious and agreeable site managers and workers have better safety perform.Through the empirical analysis of site managers and construction workers,several lessons of construction safety management could be drawn as follows.(1)Project managers are the key to safe production on construction sites.The safety attitude of project managers affects the safety training and incentive input behavior of site managers.Safety training and incentive respectively affect the safety behavior and risk-taking behavior of construction workers with different influencing mechanisms,which are finally reflected in the effect of safety production.(2)Safety training can not be replaced with a strict reward and punishment mechanism.Safety training can directly and significantly improve workers’ safety behaviors and risk-mitigating behaviors;safety incentives only indirectly reduce risk-taking behaviors by negatively affecting risk tolerance.In addition,safety training tends to increase workers’ positive safety perceptions(safety motivation and safety knowledge),and safety incentives tend to inhibit workers’ negative safety perceptions(risk tolerance).That is to say,safety training is the basic guarantee for construction safety,and safety incentives can only assist in reducing illegal operations.(3)Change the behavior of construction workers by intervening in their inner cognition.Improving workers’ intrinsic safety motivation helps to increase workers’ safety compliance behavior,and improving workers’ safety knowledge reserve helps promote safety participation behavior,reducing workers’ risk tolerance helps reduce risk-taking behaviors.That is,the safety perception of construction workers determines their behavior.(4)Personality tests should be available for recruitment of employees.In comparison with neurotic individuals having the worst safety performance,conscientious and agreeable managers and construction workers have better safety performance.In accordance with the accident tendency theory,it can be assessed that neurotic personality is prone to frequent accidents.That requires those individuals with neurotic characteristics should not be recruited as much as possible.Research innovation is manifested in the following aspects.(1)For the first time,a multi-layer behavior safety model of construction site is created.On-site managers are introduced into the research on construction behavior safety based on previous researches only focusing on the safety/unsafe/risky behavior of construction workers.The organizational psychology hierarchy theory is integrated into the organizational structure of construction sites,and a top-down multi-layer behavioral safety model of "project managers→site managers→construction workers" is created on the construction site.(2)Explore organizational safety management from the view of individual cognition.Based on cognitive behavior theory,this paper explores how the organizational management environment affects the occurrence of safety-related behaviors by affecting individual safety cognition for two groups of construction site managers and construction workers.(3)Measure safety climate of projects from the view of on-site managers.Drawing on the definitions of safety climate and that of senior managers in previous studies,the concept of project managers’ safety climate is introduced into the management team of construction sites,the first of its kind.更多还原