【作者】 王健；

【导师】 张荣芳；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 经济法学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 作为社会保障体系的最后一环,社会救助除了司职贫困者的生存权保障外,还内含一定的社会控制功能。在宪法人性尊严保障原则的要求下,现代社会救助制度不仅要肯认贫困者在无法自立维生时就其符合人性尊严的最低生存需求,对国家在法律上享有权利主体地位,也要肯认其传统防御权功能,防止国家提供社会救助给付时权力无限膨胀,忽视每一个社会性、经济性弱者也有独立自主的尊严,进而任意剥夺其自我决定、自我发展的空间。据此,本文从宪法上的人性尊严保障原则出发,就社会救助给付的价值理念、对象、标准等核心法律问题进行深入讨论,并在此基础上提出一些具体的完善建议。全文结构除引言和结语外,共分为六章。引言部分主要阐明了选题的背景与意义,并对人性尊严和社会救助给付这两个关键概念进行了前置性地解释。随后,对社会救助给付价值理念、给付对象、给付标准的国内外研究现状进行了简要综述,并对本文拟采用的研究方法做出说明。第一章对宪法上人性尊严的基本内涵和规范效力进行了简要阐述。当今时代,人性尊严一词已从一个文化或道德哲学用语进入到国际法和国内宪法秩序之中,成为法律规范的基础性环节,其内涵在于:每个人在身体和精神上的理性自治、自我决定和自我负责,要求将人视为目的本身而非实现目的的客体或工具。从人性尊严在宪法上的规范效力来看,存在宣示性规定、最高法价值或原则以及基本权利三种学说,本文将人性尊严视为宪法上一项根本原则。并且,人性尊严这一宪法原则是宪法上生存权等基本权权利的基准、概括条款或价值连接点。就我国宪法而言,虽然没有直接的人性尊严条款规定,但通过宪法解释,人性尊严也能被视为我国宪法的一项基本原则。第二章以我国社会救助给付纳入人性尊严保障理念的必要性为问题意识,铺展和论述了以下观点:宪法上的人性尊严保障原则具有抽象性,需要将其理念投射在具体的社会救助法上;为适应我国经济高质量发展、满足后小康社会我国贫困者对美好生活日益增长的需求以及2020年后重点治理相对贫困这样的时代背景,我国社会救助给付需要的不是停留在法规政策层面做被动、仓促的修补,而应当在人性尊严保障理念的基础上做质的检讨与完善。第三章分析了我国社会救助给付中人性尊严保障缺失的表现和原因。目前我国社会救助给付中仍然比较欠缺人性尊严保障理念,表现在:其一,在社会救助给付法律关系中,受救助者仍主要被视为国家公权力的客体,权利主体地位并不明确,并且国家对于受救助者自我选择和自我决定能力的培养与发展,尚欠缺关注;其二,社会救助给付标准偏低及其非规范性问题突出,从而严重忽视了贫困公民对社会文化层面日益增长的需求,不利于其参与和融入社会文化生活之中。究其缘由,主要在于:我国“父爱式”的救助理念色彩较为浓厚;社会救助给付的“社会控制”功能被凸显;社会救助给付的国家财政责任不明晰。第四章探讨了符合人性尊严的社会救助给付对象问题。在分析了会救给付对象的特点及其历史变迁后,继而阐明符合人性尊严的社会救助给付对象的应然状态。通过法律肯认受救助者在社会救助给付中的权利主体地位,救助给付就不再是具有歧视性、贬损性地针对社会边缘者施予的恩惠和控制,而是以全体国民中任何可能成为潜在性救助给付对象为主体之考量,当贫困国民陷入难以自立维生的困境时,对国家即享有主观给付请求权,从而改变传统以来“贫、弱、愚”的客体形象。同时,人性尊严保障原则还要求在筛选和识别社会救助给付对象的过程中,应当约束国家公权力的形式,以减少对受救助者“福利污名”的现象。第五章探讨了符合人性尊严的社会救助给付标准问题。社会救助给付标准作为社会救助法上最基础同时也是最具争议的概念之一,在社会救助给付体系中处于牵一发而动全身的地位。科学地制定社会救助给付标准是国家提供社会救助给付以实现贫困者最低限度人性尊严的生存条件之关键。为此,社会救助给付标准在宪法和法理上均具有较为客观的依据,只有在这样的基础上,才能进一步明确符合人性尊严的社会救助给付的法律标准。在实体上的法律标准中,社会救助给付标准不仅应当满足生理存活层面的需求,更应当包含社会文化层面的需求;在程序上的法律标准中,社会救助给付标准的制定应当有一套透明可理解的测算方法,而不是任由立法机关主观随意地决定。第六章对我国社会救助给付的完善提出了一些具体的建议。首先,应当以人性尊严为社会救助立法的指导理念,并在此基础上进一步明确三个具体的立法目的,即基本生活需求保障;协助自助;个别化保障。其次,在社会救助法中以明确的条文规定受救助者享有社会救助权,据此受救助者可以主动向国家请求提供社会救助给付,在国家怠于给付或给付不充分时,可以寻求司法途径以充分保障社会救助权,从而根本上改变我国在提供救助给付时抱有的施舍心态,而不是应当把提供救助给付本身看作是对人格的尊重。同时,在明确权利主体地位的基础上,进一步规范受救助者的义务条款。最后,将人性尊严作为社会救助给付标准制定的指导原则。无论我国是否有足够的经济和财政资源来满足贫困者的最低生活需要,在制定社会救助给付标准时,必须以人性尊严为思考和实践的起点。以人性尊严为起始点,社会救助给付标准的制定才能具有客观性、灵活性、合理性和科学性。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the last link of the social security system,social assistance,in addition to guaranteeing the survival rights of the poor,also contains certain social control functions.Under the requirements of the constitutional principle of guaranteeing human dignity,the modern social assistance system must not only recognize that the poor meet the minimum survival needs of human dignity when they are unable to support themselves,but also recognize that the country enjoys the status of the subject of rights in law.Its traditional defense power function prevents unlimited expansion of power when the state provides social assistance and benefits,ignoring that every socially and economically weak person also has independent dignity,and then arbitrarily deprives them of the space for self-determination and self-development.Based on this,this article starts from the concept of guaranteeing human dignity in the constitution,and conducts in-depth discussions on the core issues of social assistance payment,such as the value concept,object,and standard,and proposes some specific details on this basis.Improve suggestions.The structure of the full text is divided into six chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusion.The introduction mainly clarifies the background and significance of the topic,and pre-explains the two key concepts of human dignity and social assistance.Subsequently,a brief overview of the domestic and foreign research status of social assistance payment values,payment objects,and payment standards is given,and the research methods to be used in this article are explained.The first chapter briefly elaborates the basic connotation and normative effect of human dignity in the constitution.In today’s era,the term human dignity has moved from a cultural or moral philosophical term into international law and domestic constitutional order,and has become a basic link in legal norms.Its connotation lies in the rational autonomy and self-determination of everyone in the body and spirit.And self-responsibility requires that people be regarded as the purpose itself rather than the object or tool to achieve it.From the perspective of the normative effect of human dignity in the constitution,there are three theories of declarative provisions,supreme legal values or principles,and basic rights.This article regards human dignity as a fundamental principle in the constitution,which is the basic right of survival in the constitution.Benchmarks,general terms or value connection points.As far as my country’s constitution is concerned,although there is no direct provision on human dignity,through constitutional interpretation,human dignity can also be regarded as a basic principle of our constitution.The second chapter takes the necessity of including social assistance payments in China into the concept of protection of human dignity as a problematic awareness,spreading and discussing the following points: the principle of guaranteeing human dignity in the constitution is abstract,and its concept needs to be projected on the specific social assistance law;in order to adapt to the high-quality economic development of our country,to meet the increasing needs of the poor in my country for a better life in a post-well-off society,and after 2020 Focusing on the background of the era of relative poverty,my country’s social assistance payment does not require passive and hasty repairs at the level of laws and regulations,but a qualitative review and improvement based on the concept of human dignity protection.The third chapter examines the manifestations and reasons of the lack of protection of human dignity in my country’s social assistance payments.At present,my country’s social assistance payment still lacks the concept of human dignity protection,which is reflected in: First,in the legal relationship of social assistance payment,the rescued person is still mainly regarded as the object of public power of the state,and the status of the subject of rights is not clear,and The state has not paid much attention to the cultivation and development of the self-selection and self-determination abilities of the rescued persons;secondly,the low standard of social assistance payment and its prominent non-standard problems have seriously neglected the growing social and cultural level of poor citizens.Demands are not conducive to their participation and integration into social and cultural life.The main reasons for this are: my country’s "paternal love" concept of assistance is relatively strong;the "social control" function of social assistance payments is highlighted;the state’s financial responsibility for social assistance payments is unclear.The fourth chapter discusses the social assistance payment object in line with human dignity.After analyzing the characteristics and historical changes of the recipients of social assistance,I then clarified what the social assistance recipients should be in line with human dignity.The law recognizes the status of the subject of the rights of the rescued in the social assistance payment,and the assistance payment is no longer a discriminatory and derogatory favor and control for the marginalized in society,but is based on any possibility of the entire citizen.The subject of potential assistance payment objects is considered.When poor people are in a difficult position to support themselves,they have the right to claim subjective benefits to the country,thus changing the traditional object image of "poor,weak,and stupid".At the same time,the principle of guaranteeing human dignity also requires that in the process of screening and identifying the recipients of social assistance,the form of public power of the state should be restricted to reduce the phenomenon of "welfare stigma" on the rescued.The fifth chapter discusses the issue of social assistance payment standards in line with human dignity.As one of the most basic and controversial concepts in the social assistance law,the social assistance payment standard is in a position that affects the whole body in the social assistance payment system.Scientifically formulating social assistance payment standards is the key to the state’s provision of social assistance payments in order to realize the living conditions of the poor with minimum human dignity.For this reason,the social assistance payment standard has a relatively objective basis in both the constitution and the legal theory.Only on this basis can the legal standards for social assistance payment that conform to human dignity be further clarified.Among the substantive legal standards,the social assistance payment standards should not only meet the needs of the physiological survival level,but also include the needs of the socio-cultural level;in the procedural legal standards,the formulation of the social assistance payment standards should have a transparent set of requirements.The calculation method of understanding,rather than allowing the legislature to decide subjectively and arbitrarily.The sixth chapter puts forward some specific suggestions on the improvement of social assistance payment in our country.First of all,the dignity of the rescued should be clearly guaranteed in the Social Assistance Law,and on this basis,three specific legislative purposes should be further clarified,namely,basic living needs protection;assistance in self-help;and individualized protection.Secondly,the Social Assistance Law stipulates that the recipients have the right to social assistance.According to this,the rescued can voluntarily request the state to provide social assistance benefits.When the state is inadequate or insufficient,they can seek judicial channels.Fully guarantee the right to social assistance,so as to fundamentally change our country’s charity mentality when providing assistance payments,instead of seeing the assistance payments themselves as a respect for personality.At the same time,on the basis of clarifying the status of the subject of rights,further regulate the obligations of the rescued.Finally,take human dignity as the guiding principle for the revision of social assistance payment standards.Regardless of whether our country has sufficient economic and financial resources to meet the minimum living needs of the poor,when formulating social assistance payment standards,human dignity must be the starting point for thinking and practicing.With human dignity as the starting point,the formulation of social assistance payment standards can be objective,flexible,reasonable and scientific.更多还原