【作者】 周永；

【导师】 吴义诚；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 过去三十年来,理论语言学研究往往将汉语副词“都”界定为算子类成分,具有所谓的全称、分配、加合、最大化或级差功能。Lee(1986)较早提出“都”与“all”类似,是非选择性全称量词,在“这些书我们都喜欢”之类的句子中,它可以关联“这些书”或“我们”,或与“这些书”和“我们”同时共指,因此造成三种解读。但若将“都”译为真正的全称量词“all”,相应的英译“Thesebooks,we all like”根本不会产生歧义。而在“张三和李四都及格了”这样的句子中,“都”只能对应英文的“both”,这进一步说明“都”并非全称量词。此外,如果将“都”视作全称算子,那么,在“所有学生全都及格了”这样的句子中,由“学生”产生的变量会同时受到三个功能相同算子的约束,并产生不被接受的逻辑式“?x?x(=QUANx)Vx(=DOUx)[学生(x)→及格了(x)]”,这有违于双射原则,即一个变量不能接受两个或两个以上算子的约束。因此,“都”可能不是真正的量化算子。在回顾“都”的句法、语义与语用研究基础上,本文结合种种语言事实重新考察了它的意义与功能,指出:(1)描写语法中所谓的“都1”(总括)、“都2”(甚至)和“都3”(已经),只是根据“都”使用的句法环境给出的近义词,如果脱离语境,“都”没有具体明确的意义;(2)如果寻求一个“都”的统一解释,它本质上是一个范围副词,其语义表达功能为程度加强,亦可以称之为程度加强副词(intensifier),此即所谓“都1”、“都2”和“都3”共享的义素,DEGREE=DOU1∩DOU2∩ DOU3(3)从语义演化的角度来看,“都”是从“汇聚”这个较为具体的初始义,虚化为表“程度加强”这个较为模糊的引申义,即汇聚达到一定的范围,“都”能与所谓的近义词共现且能够互换位置的事实体现了其表程度加强的模糊义(如:他们甚至都/都甚至没去过北京;孩子都已经/已经都睡着了);(4)“都”的使用能够增强句子的语力,同时又能够触发某个关涉域:其作用范围可为显性,即可由所在的形态句法结构得以确定;也可为隐性,即存在于语用层面,常需要听者基于世界知识进行语用推理。本文在动态句法理论框架下,尝试给出“都”的统一解释。具体来讲,“都”的使用能够触发命题结构事件节点的进一步投射,通过域评估以及事件节点引入的τ项,它从所在的句法结构或语用环境中选取其强化域。简而言之,“都”的程度加强功能决定了某个关涉域的存在,而显域和隐域的动态解析与刻画则依赖于结构、语义和语用之间的互动关系。本文共分九章,结构和内容安排如下:第一章介绍本文的研究背景、研究对象与内容、研究框架与方法。第二章为文献综述,指出以往研究中的优缺点,并确立本研究所要解决的问题。第三章主要介绍动态句法理论(DS)中的技术工具及运作机制。第四章指出,“都”本质上是表程度加强的范围副词。第五章确立了“都”的动态句法解析模型。第六章至第八章则主要运用第五章所提出的动态句法解析模型,对汉语中各类“都”字句进行动态解析。第九章是对全文的归纳与总结,指出论文的创新点与不足,并对未来的研究作出展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the past three decades,the Mandarin adverb dou has long been the topic of much discussion in theoretical linguistics.In previous works,the morpheme has been construed in various ways,namely a universal operator,a distributive operator,a maximal operator,a sum operator or an even-like scalar additive operator.In his pioneering work,Lee(1986)claims that dou,on a par with "all" in English,is an unselective universal quantifier which can bind all variables in its scope indiscriminately.Having constructed an example like Zhexie shu,women dou xihuan"These books,we all like",Lee states that dou can bind either zhexie shu ’these books’,women ’we’ or zhexie shu and women together simultaneously,consequently bringing forth three-way ambiguous readings.However,if Lee’s example should be translated into English and the dou as ’all’,a genuine universal quantifier,the resulting sentence"These books,we all like" would not be ambiguous at all.While in the sentences like Zhangsan he Lisi dou jige-le "Both Zhangsan and Lisi passed the exam",dou could only be glossed with ’both’ in English,which further shows that dou is not a genuine universal quantifier.Besides,if dou should be a universal operator,in the sentences like Suoyou xuesheng quan dou jige-le "All students passed the exam",in which suoyou’all’ is a universal quantifier,quan ’whole’ and dou are two synonymous adverbs and can swap positions in general.If dou should be a universal operator,it implies that the variable created by the nominal xuesheng ’students’ would be bound by two or three identical quantifiers as in "?x?x(=QUANx)?x(=DOUx)[student(x)→passed the exam(x)]",which apparently violates the bijection principle,i.e.,a variable can only be bound by one operator.Hence,dou is by no means an operator-like particle.After reviewing previous studies on dou conducted from the perspective of syntax,semantics or pragmatics,we redefine the meaning and function of this problematic morpheme in a dynamic perspective that combines all three.It is argued that(i)it is based on the specific contexts that the so-called three senses of dou in traditional Chinese grammar,viz.,’dou1’(meaning zongkuo ’sum’),’dou2’(meaning shenzhi’even’)and ’dou3’(meaning yijing ’already’),are given in Lü et al.(1980),namely,it lacks a specific meaning out of context;(ⅱ)if a unified account of dou is to be sought(i.e.,there exists only one dou in Chinese),it is essentially an intensifier indicating"degree",which is also the sememe shared by the so-called ’dou1’,’dou2’ and ’dou3’,namely DEGREE=DOU1∩DOU2∩DOU3:(ⅲ)from an evolutionary perspective,dou was originally a verb meaning ’accumulate’ and gradually evolved into an intensifier-like adverb with a rather vague sense.The facts that dou and its synonyms can co-occur and swap positions show that it has the essential function of intensification,as in the sentences like Tamen shenzhi dou/dou shenzhi meiyou quguo Beijing "They have never been to Beijing" and Ta dou yijing/yijing dou shuizhao-le "He already fell asleep";(iv)dou is able to intensify the illocutionary force of the relevant utterance,and in the meantime it is capable to elicit a domain,explicit or implicit,which can be determined either by the morphosyntactic structure of sentences containing it or by pragmatic reasoning based on the addressee’s encyclopedic knowledge.Within the framework of Dynamic Syntax,this dissertation attemps to provide a unifying account of dou.Specifically the utilization of dou,the intensifier,will trigger the further projection of event node of the propositional structure,and it will in turn choose its intensification domain either from its syntactic structure or pragmatic environment by adopting scope evaluation and the τ term introduced by the event node.Put it another way,the intensifying function of dou determines the existence of a concerned domain,while the dynamic parsing of its explicit and implicit domains relies on the interaction between syntax,semantics and pragmatics.Hence,a unifying account of dou will be achieved.This dissertation is composed of nine chapters as follows:Chapter One introduces the research background,research object and content,as well as theoretical framework and research methodologies of the dissertation.Chapter Two reviews the previous studies on the meaning and function of dou,and points out their pros and cons,which will subsequently facilitate the determination of research topic of this study.Chapter Three mainly introduces the theoretical framework we adopt in this dissertation:Dynamic Syntax by mainly focusing on the formal tools and its operation mechanism.Chapter Four provides a preliminary analysis of dou,and asserts that it is essentially an intensifier indicating degree.Chapter Five presents the dynamic parsing model of dou.While Chapters Six to Eight provide the dynamic parsing of all dou-sentences based on it.Chapter Nine concludes this dissertation with the innovation and limitations of the study and looks into the outlook of the future study.更多还原