【作者】 张晓辉；

【导师】 颜炳罡； 陈炎；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国哲学， 2023， 博士

【摘要】 儒家文化是中华文化的重要组成部分,作为知识和学问的儒学也是中国传统哲学的主干和主流,在传统中国社会的影响无处不在。近代以来,虽然儒学的发展受到了现代化和全球化的极大冲击,面临着诸多挑战,但是儒家文化在很多国家和地区(特别是东亚和东南亚等国)仍然具有强大的生命力和影响力,并且能够随着社会的发展,呈现出一种与时俱进、不断转化创新的特性,这在客观上显示出儒学具有与现代社会的相容性,彰显其自身的现代价值。近些年,关于儒学是否具有现代价值以及儒家文化如何在现代社会实现“创造性转化和创新性发展”是人文社科领域学术研究的一个热门话题。儒学的现代价值是个庞大而复杂的课题,本着“跳出自身、面向世界”的原则,本文以同样具有深厚儒家文化传统,并且现代化发展程度极高的新加坡作为个案进行分析,来考察儒家文化在现代化社会中的嬗变过程。从这个角度来讲,本文研究方向是海外儒学研究中的国别化研究。选取新加坡作为研究对象的原因主要有三点:第一,新加坡是世界上除中国外唯一的以华人为主体(人数比例最高)的国家,儒家文化在新加坡社会各阶层具有广泛的影响;第二,新加坡号称“宗教博物馆”和“种族博物馆”,儒家文化与其他多元文化在此进行了激烈碰撞和充分融合,可以说是一个浓缩的“小世界”;第三,新加坡是一个现代化程度极高的国家,自1965年独立建国以来,短短几十年就发展成为一个高度发达的现代化国家。因此,如果要考察儒家文化在现代化过程中产生的变化和发挥的作用,新加坡无疑是最为典型的研究对象。本文的主要工作和研究结论如下:1.本文首先用较大篇幅梳理了儒家文化在新加坡的发展历程,着重从“变”的角度进行对比分析,认为儒家文化在新加坡的嬗变呈现出一种较为典型的现代化发展之路。具体分析如下:(1)儒家文化随着华人移民远渡重洋来到新加坡,冲破了儒家传统和农耕文明下形成的安土重迁的文化心理,在解构与重建中开启了“灵根自植”的发展过程;(2)新加坡的儒家文化,摆脱了血缘宗法等传统伦理的束缚,重新建立起以地缘、业缘为主的新型社会关系,个体的主体意识得到凸显,迎合了现代化的主要特征;(3)新加坡华人在生产方式上实现了从以农为本到务工经商的转变,凭借着传统价值观和精神特质,积累了大量财富,为儒家文化在新加坡的传承和发展奠定了物质基础;(4)华人在取得一定社会财富和地位后,通过弘扬儒学、筹建孔教孔庙等活动发起新加坡历史上第一次儒学复兴运动,自发传承儒家传统文化以抵御西方及本土其他文化的冲击;(5)儒家文化在新加坡进一步融摄更多宗教文明,呈现出多元融合的发展特征;(6)新加坡采取多元一体的建国理念,破除传统的华夷观念,将儒家文化与其他文化融为一体,实现东西合流,铸造出独立的国家身份认同;(7)新加坡的治国之道改造并吸收了儒家“内圣外王”、德治等思想,形成了德法并重的治国之道,为国家稳定发展奠定基础;(8)新加坡政府提倡儒家伦理教育,发起第二次儒学复兴运动,将儒家伦理思想先后纳入国家“共同价值观”和“亚洲价值观”,是对儒家文化改造和弘扬的有益探索;(9)儒家文化内化于当代新加坡社会,并广泛存在百姓的人伦日用之中,表明其在高度发达的现代化国家仍然具有强大生命力。2.本文对“新加坡模式”的缔造者、具有“新加坡国父”称号的李光耀进行专题分析,研究其与儒家文化的关系(儒家文化对其产生的影响)。认为:(1)李氏具有儒家文化深厚的家庭背景,儒家基本价值观念内化于心,并在后期又因从政和治国的需要,自觉进行过系统深入的学习研究;(2)李氏对儒家文化采取务实而功利的态度,汲取了儒家在纲常观念、尊贤爱民、隆礼重法、和谐、德政等方面对现代社会的有益成分,并运用在自己的治国理政当中,取得突出效果;(3)李光耀对国际儒学的发展做出了开创性的贡献。3.本文论述了儒家文化对“新加坡式”现代化发展的贡献,系统阐释了在政治、经济、文化三个主要领域发挥的作用。认为:(1)新加坡的治国理政理念高度务实,秉持“工具理性”,继承了西方的法治制度,发展了儒家的仁、礼等核心价值观念,呈现“外法内儒”的典型特征;(2)儒家文化虽然并不是新加坡经济发展的直接原因和主要原因,但是在维护社会秩序稳定、提供有益于现代经济增长的价值观等方面发挥着不可忽视的间接作用;(3)儒家文化的包容性、和平性特征,以及“和而不同”等主张是新加坡构建多种族多宗教和谐社会的重要思想武器。4.本文总结分析了儒家文化在“新加坡式”现代化嬗变历程中的经验启示和存在问题。(1)启示方面,首先阐明了儒家文化在“新加坡式”现代化发展中的贡献和作用;然后通过儒学在新加坡的发展道路展示了其由家庭伦理向社会伦理、由精英儒学向大众儒学、由中国传统价值观到人类命运共同体价值观的三种主要路径;最后通过新加坡现代社会呈现出来的儒家文化的三种形态即实践形态、知识形态和民间形态构建出来的“文化三角”结构,指出要想保持儒家文化长久的生命力,就要不断壮大这三种形态的儒学,保持一种“不偏不倚”、均衡发展的态势;(2)问题和反思方面,新加坡的儒家文化发展由于知识形态的不足和薄弱,造成了“文化三角”的结构不协调、不稳固,也是新加坡儒学未得到更多重视的重要原因,主要体现在没有形成系统性的理论成果,以及新加坡国家推行的语言政策对文化传承和发展的负面影响上。总之,儒家文化在新加坡的嬗变之路,呈现出一种较为典型的现代化发展模式,中国和新加坡在很多方面都有着高度的一致或相似性,儒家文化“新加坡式”现代化嬗变历程,必然能够为我国儒学实现“中国式现代化”发展以及“创新性转化和创新型发展”提供有益借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important part of Chinese culture and also the backbone and mainstream of traditional Chinese philosophy,Confucian culture has found its way into almost every aspect of traditional Chinese society.Although the development of Confucianism has been greatly impacted by modernization and globalization and has faced many challenges in recent times,Confucian culture still has a strong vitality and influence in many countries and regions,especially in east and Southeast Asia,and is able to show features of keeping pace with the times and constant transformation and innovation along with the development of society,which objectively demonstrates that Confucian culture is compatible with modern society and reveals its own modern value.In recent years,whether Confucianism has modern value and how it realizes"creative transformation and innovative development" in modern society is a hot topic of academic research in the field of humanities and social sciences.Considering that the modern value of Confucian culture is a huge and complex subject,this dissertation holds the principle of "looking beyond ourselves to the world" to take Singapore,which also has a profound Confucian cultural tradition and a high degree of modernization,as a case study to examine the transmutation of Confucian culture in this modern society.From this point of view,the research direction of this dissertation is a country-specific study in the overseas research of Confucian culture.There are three main reasons for choosing Singapore as the study object.First,Singapore is the only country in the world with the largest proportion of Chinese besides China,and Confucian culture has a wide influence on all social strata in Singapore;second,Singapore is known as a "religious museum" and "ethnic museum",where Confucian culture and other diverse cultures have collided and fully integrated,thus forming a "small world";third,Singapore is a highly modernized country that has developed into what it is today in just a few decades since its independence in 1965..Therefore,Singapore is undoubtedly the most typical object of study if we aim to study the changes and functions of Confucian culture in the process of modernization.The main tasks and conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:1.First,this dissertation focuses on comparing and analyzing the development of Confucian culture in Singapore from the perspective of "change",and concludes that the transmutation of Confucian culture in Singapore presents a more typical path of modernized development.The specific analysis is as follows:(1)Confucian culture has come to Singapore with the Chinese immigrants who have travelled across the ocean,breaking through the Confucian tradition and the cultural mentality of nostalgic provincialism,and starting the "localized development" in the process of deconstruction and reconstruction;(2)the Confucian culture in Singapore has got rid of the shackles of traditional ethics such as consanguinity and patriarchal clan system,and re-established a new type of social relationship based on geography and karmic connection,with individual awareness being highlighted,catering to the main features of modernization;(3)the Chinese Singaporeans have changed their mode of production from agriculture-focused to business-focused,and have accumulated a lot of wealth owing to their traditional values and spiritual traits,which has laid a material foundation for the inheritance and development of Confucian culture in Singapore;(4)after achieving a certain level of social wealth and status,the Chinese initiated the first Confucianism revival movement in Singapore’s history by promoting Confucianism and constructing Confucian temples,and spontaneously passed on traditional Confucian culture to counter the impact of the western and other local cultures;(5)the Confucian culture further assimilates more religious civilizations in Singapore,showing the development characteristics of multi-integration;(6)Singapore adopts the concept of pluralism and unity in the founding of the country and breaks away from the traditional concept of Hua Yi,integrating Confucian culture with other cultures,achieving a merger of East and West,and forging an independent national identity.(7)Singapore’s approach to governance has been transformed and incorporated Confucian ideas such as " internally possessing virtue and outwardly acting as a ruler" and rule by virtue,and forms a way of governance that places equal emphasis on virtue and law,laying the foundation for the country’s stable development(8)the government of Singapore advocates the education of Confucian ethics and launches the second Confucianism revival movement,incorporating Confucian ethics into the country’s "common values" and "Asian values",which is a beneficial exploration of the transformation and promotion of Confucian culture;(9)Confucian culture has been internalized in contemporary Singaporean society and found its way in the people’s daily lives,demonstrating its vitality in a highly developed modern country.2.This dissertation analyzes the relationship between Lee Kuan Yew,the founder of"the Singapore Model" and "the Father of Singapore",and Confucian culture..This dissertation argues that:(1)Lee’s family background was deeply related to Confucian culture,and the basic values of Confucianism were internalized in his heart;he consciously studied them in a systematic and profound manner in his later years for the needs of politics and governance;(2)Lee adopted a pragmatic and utilitarian attitude towards Confucian culture,and drew on the beneficial elements of Confucian culture for modern society in such aspects as the principle of feudal moral conduct,respecting the virtuous and loving the people,respecting for propriety and law,harmony,moral administration,etc.,and applied them in his own governance,thus achieving remarkable results;(3)Lee Kuan Yew made a pioneering contribution to the internationalized development of Confucian culture.3.This dissertation discusses the contribution of Confucian culture to the development of "Singapore-style" modernization,and systematically explains its role in politics,economy and culture.This dissertation holds that:(1)Singapore’s philosophy of governance is highly pragmatic,adheres to "instrumental rationality",inherits the Western legal system,and develops the core values of Confucian culture,,such as benevolence and propriety,showing the typical characteristics of "internal Confucianism and external legalism";(2)although Confucian culture is not the direct or major reason for Singapore’s economic development,it plays an indirect role in maintaining the stability of the social order and offering the values beneficial to the modern economic growth;(3)the inclusive and peaceful nature of Confucian culture and its advocacy of "harmony and difference"are important ideological weapons in building a multi-racial and multi-religious society in Singapore.4.This dissertation summarizes and analyzes the insights and problems in the transmutation of Confucian culture in the "Singapore-style" modernization.(1)in term of insights,the dissertation first clarifies the contribution and role of Confucian culture in the"Singapore-style" modernization;then it shows the three main paths of Confucian culture’s development in Singapore,that is,from family ethics to social ethics,from elite Confucian culture to mass Confucian culture,and from traditional Chinese values to the values of a community with a shared future for mankind;finally,through the "cultural triangle" structure built by the three forms of Confucian culture presented in modern Singapore,namely,Confucian culture as a social practice,Confucian culture as a form of knowledge,and Confucian culture as a form of folk development,it is pointed out that in order to maintain the long-lasting vitality of Confucian culture,it is necessary to continuously strengthen these three forms of Confucian culture and maintain an "impartial"and balanced development state;(2)in terms of problems and reflections,the inadequacy and weakness of the intellectual form in the development of Confucian culture in Singapore has resulted in the uncoordinated and unstable structure of the "cultural triangle",which is also an important reason why Confucian culture in Singapore has not received more attention.This is mainly reflected in the lack of systematic theoretical achievements and the negative impact of Singapore’s language policy on cultural heritage and development.In conclusion,the transmutation of Confucian culture in Singapore presents a typical mode of modernized development.Considering that China and Singapore share a high degree of consistency or similarity in many aspects,the "Singapore-style" modernized transmutation of Confucian culture will certainly provide useful reference for the"Chinese-style" modernization of Confucian culture and "creative transformation and innovative development" of Confucian culture in our country.更多还原