【作者】 林丽；

【导师】 于君博；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 行政管理， 2023， 博士

【摘要】 提供公共服务不仅是政府保障和改善民生的具体表现形式,也是倒逼政府优化自身组织治理的重要途径。前者直接关系到公民幸福感、满意度的提升,而后者则深刻影响国家治理效能和中国式现代化建设的推进。党的十八大以来,我国加快转变政府职能,深入推进“放管服”改革,强化社会管理和公共服务职能,不断推动公共服务高质量发展,以满足公众多样化的服务需求和对美好生活的向往。特别是近年来,随着风险社会和大数据时代的到来,公共服务有效供给的机遇与挑战并存。一方面,大数据、云计算等新技术的迅猛发展深刻改变了公共服务的供给模式;而另一方面,新冠疫情等复杂、棘手问题的出现也增加了对公共服务特征识别的难度。在此背景下,如何为不同类型的公共服务选择合适的供给机制,进而实现公共服务的有效供给,成为政府面临的重要议题。事实上,有关公共服务供给机制选择的问题是理论界一个经典且具有争议性的问题。大量文献从供给主体、需求主体、供给环境、供给内容等方面讨论了影响供给机制选择的诸多因素,但相关研究结果鲜有达成共识,不能有针对性地指导政府的供给实践。从政府供给的主体视角来看,公共服务供给机制的选择本质上是一个因产品和服务而引发的组织决策问题。因此,回到问题的开端,组织所生产的产品和服务的性质,恰恰是无法忽视的初始“信息”。鉴于此,本研究拟重点关注作为供给内容本身的公共服务及其自身属性特点,尝试将对公共服务供给机制选择的思考带回逻辑起点,也即探讨在理想状态下,政府应该为不同类型的公共服务选择何种供给机制。本研究拟重点回答的问题是:公共服务有哪些重要属性?供给机制包含哪些主要类型?具有不同属性的公共服务应该采取何种理想的供给机制?具体到公共服务的供给实践中,如何识别和检验公共服务属性对供给机制选择的影响?为回答前述问题,本研究在界定公共服务、公共服务属性和供给机制内涵,并介绍相关理论的基础上,遵循“批判建构—实证检验—总结反思”的总体思路,主要开展了两方面内容。一是介绍既有理论框架的基本观点,针对既有理论框架的不足进行完善,并建构新的分析框架。本研究将在第二章已有理论框架部分介绍“生产”视角下有关学者提出的“协作性—规模经济性”分析框架。针对这一理论框架的未尽之处,本研究在第三章引入“应急性”,并结合已有理论与相关实证研究系统地建构“协作性—规模经济性—应急性”理论框架,同时提出公共服务属性与供给机制研究的前提假定和相关假设。二是开展相关实证研究探讨新理论框架的解释力,并对研究发现进行总结反思。本研究在第四、五章实证研究部分选取两个全国性公共服务供给案例——中国新冠疫情防控和城市生活垃圾分类,开展案例间与案例内比较分析,讨论相关公共服务在属性特点和供给机制上的差异与共同之处,并在第六章对相关实证研究发现进行理论升华,反思研究的前提假定。实证研究表明,“协作性—规模经济性—应急性”理论框架对公共服务供给相关经验现象具有一定的解释力。本研究的基本观点如下:探讨不同类型公共服务如何有效供给的经典问题,一个基本且首要的任务是辨析公共服务的不同属性特点;根据“生产与提供可分”,在明确了政府的提供责任后,有关公共服务供给机制选择的问题主要是关于公共服务如何“生产”的具体执行问题,因此相较于公共性、“消费属性”与“交易属性”,“生产属性”关注公共服务在生产环节的特点,更适合作为分析供给机制选择的逻辑起点;公共服务的“生产属性”和供给机制具有丰富的内涵,前者包括协作性、规模经济性与应急性三个属性,后者分为多元参与的分权型供给机制、专业技术型集权供给机制和行政动员型集权供给机制;在理想的供给状态下,不同属性的公共服务与特定的供给机制相匹配,可以实现公共服务的有效供给,但需要注意实践中公共服务供给机制的选择可能受到多重因素影响,需要加强政府的“理性”决策,增强对公共服务属性的认识,并提高供给主体的供给能力。前述发现为进一步开展公共服务有效供给的理论研究提出可能方向。同时,也为改善政府相关公共服务的供给实践提供一定的思路启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 Providing public services is not only a concrete form in which the government ensures and improves people’s livelihood,but also an important way for the government to optimize its own organizational governance.The former is directly related to the improvement of people’s happiness and satisfaction,while the latter has a profound impact on the effectiveness of national governance and the promotion of Chinese path to modernization.Since the 18th CPC National Congress,China has accelerated the transformation of government functions,deepen reform in streamlining administration and delegating power,improving regulation,and upgrading services,strengthened the functions of social management and public service,and continuously promoted the high-quality development of public services to meet the diverse service needs of the public and their yearning for a better life.Especially in recent years,with the advent of the era of risk society and big data,opportunities and challenges coexist in the effective supply of public services.On the one hand,the rapid development of new technologies,such as big data and cloud computing,has profoundly changed the mode of public service provision.On the other hand,the emergence of wicked problem,such as COVID-19,has increased the difficulty of identifying the characteristics of public services.In such context,how to choose appropriate supply mechanisms for different types of public services,so as to realize the effective supply of public services,has become an important issue for the government.As a matter of fact,the selection of public service supply mechanism is a classic and controversial issue in the theoretical world.A large amount of literature has discussed the factors affecting the selection of supply mechanism from the aspects of supply subject,demand subject,supply environment,and supply content,but the relevant research results have rarely reached a consensus and cannot be well used to guide the government’s supply practice.From the perspective of government supply,the choice of public service supply mechanism is essentially an organizational decisionmaking problem triggered by products and services.Therefore,going back to the beginning of the problem,the attribute of products and services produced by the organization is precisely the initial "information" that cannot be ignored.In view of this,this study focuses on public services as the content of provision and its own attributes,and tries to bring the thinking of the selection of public service supply mechanism back to the logical starting point,that is,to explore what kind of provision mechanisms should be chosen by the government for different types of public services in the ideal state.This study aims to answer the following questions: what are the important attributes of public services? what are the main types of supply mechanisms? what kind of ideal supply mechanism should be adopted for public services with different attributes? How to identify and test the influence of public service attributes on the selection of supply mechanism in the practice of public service provision?In order to answer the above questions,this study first defines the connotation of public service,public service attributes and supply mechanism,and introduces relevant theories.On this basis,following the general idea of "critical construction-empirical test-summary and reflection",it mainly carries out two aspects.The first is to introduce the basic viewpoints of the existing analytical framework,identify the shortcomings of the framework,and build a new analytical framework on this basis.In Chapter 2,This study introduces the analysis framework of "Collaboration-Economies of scale" proposed by scholars from the perspective of "Production".In order to address the shortcomings of this analytical framework,this study introduces the concept of "Emergency" in Chapter3,and systematically constructs a theoretical framework of "Collaboration-Economy of scale-Emergency" based on existing theories and relevant empirical research.At the same time,it proposes the prerequisite assumptions and related hypotheses for the study of public service attributes and supply mechanisms.The second is to conduct empirical research to explore the explanatory power of the new theoretical framework,and summarize and reflect on the research findings.In Chapter 4 and 5,this study selects two national public service supply cases-the prevention and control of the COVID-19 in China and the classification of urban domestic waste,carries out comparative analysis between and within cases,discusses the differences and similarities of relevant public services in attributes and supply mechanisms.In Chapter 6,this study theoretically sublimates the findings of relevant empirical research and reflects on the assumptions underlying the research.The empirical research shows that the theoretical framework of "Collaboration-Economies of scale-Emergency" has certain valid explanatory for the empirical phenomena related to public service supply.The basic viewpoints of this study are as follows: firstly,to explore the classic problem of how different types of public services can be effectively supplied,a basic and primary task is to distinguish and analyze the different attributes of public services.Secondly,according to the principle that "production and provision can be separated",after clarifying the responsibility of the government for providing public services,the main issue regarding the selection of public service supply mechanism is a specific execution of how public services are "produced".Therefore,compared to publicity,"consumption attribute",and "transaction attribute","production attribute" focuses on the characteristics of public services in the production process,and is more suitable as a logical starting point for analyzing the selection of supply mechanism.Thirdly,the "production attribute" and supply mechanism of public services have rich connotations.The former includes three attributes: collaboration,economies of scale,and emergency.The latter is divided into decentralized supply mechanism with diverse participation,centralized supply mechanism with professional technology,and centralized supply mechanism with administrative mobilization.Fourthly,in an ideal supply state,matching different attributes with specific supply mechanisms of public services can achieve effective supply of public services.However,it is necessary to note that the selection of public service supply mechanisms in practice may be influenced by multiple factors,and it is necessary to strengthen the government’s "rational" decisionmaking,enhance understanding of public service attributes,and improve the supply capacity of the supply subject.The aforementioned findings may provide possible directions for further theoretical research on the effective supply of public services.At the same time,it may also provide some inspiration for improving the supply practices of related public services.更多还原