【作者】 徐亮；

【导师】 雷瑞鹏；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 研究生物个体性问题在生物学哲学理论与生物科学实践方面都有重要意义,生物学哲学其实是一门建基于生物个体性的哲学。生物个体及其个体性的概念界定是个体性研究中的前提,鉴于生命的复杂性与多样性,层级界定是合理的选择。在考察学者们的各种界定后,生物个体的界定条件主要可分为必要条件和充分条件,基因、单个生物体、群组、物种等属于不同层级的实体,在一定的生物意义上都可称作生物个体。对生物个体性的界定则分为主体多重、分类多重和属性多重,可从不同的角度、不同的方面来解答。然后依据生存、发育、繁殖等生物个体性中的几个重要方面,即多元标准,生物个体(单个生物体层级)可划分为六大类:瓶颈式个体、阶段式个体、连生式个体、分生式个体、集合式个体和共生式个体。物种即个体的思想发展经历了三个阶段:逻辑性实体、历史性实体和因果性实体。物种作为个体同样具有独特的个体性,这些个体性主要有网状谱系关系,模糊的边界性与对内的整合性,异速繁殖,斗争、依存与共生,以及物种作为选择的单元。西方学者们基于进化论而形成的生物个体性研究成果,主要有共时分析、基因分析和历时分析。共时分析是生物个体性的经典进路,关注生物个体的层级选择特征。抽象的选择理论中最重要的是三原则表征,包括变异性原则、遗传性原则、适应度分化原则。其次是适应度方差理论,作为选择单元的实体之间存在可遗传且与背景无关的适应度方差。多层级选择模型是指将生物对象分为不同的层级,不同层级都可作为选择的单元,即个体选择、群组选择、物种选择。基因分析针对的是复制子进路,从基因视角来观察生物个体性。生物个体在二分模式下被划分为“复制子-载体/交互子”,基因是复制子单元,具有永恒性,而生物体是载体或交互子,是与环境相互作用的实体单元,是临时、短暂的。基因视角下选择的单元不再是生物体层级之上的实体,而是基因或生物体。历时分析是关于生物个体的进化跃迁进路,分析了生物个体中的涌现性质。自跃迁概念被纳入进化语境后,“大跃迁”理论就被提了出来,生物的个体进化史被划分成9个大跃迁事件。这些事件涉及复制大分子的形成、基因的形成、复杂性的增加、分工和选择的实现、合作群组的形成等,进化单元从低级发展到高级。生物个体性中微生物的个体性也是重要的方面。微生物作为简单的繁殖者,具有原始性、动性、适应性与进化性。病毒的个体性在于基因的重配、组合和变异,其最新的案例是新冠病毒的变异性进化。通过文献梳理和总结后发现,这些理论观点针对的是生物个体的繁殖、遗传、变异、适应和功能合作等方面的属性,而对生物个体的形态、大小、重量等时空属性并不关注,因此本文将其区分为深层属性和浅层属性,深层属性是生物体的重要属性,是生物学家研究的重点。同时这些生物个体性的讨论一般都是关于生物体与生俱来的属性,由此本文再次将之区分为先天属性和后天属性,并对先天属性和后天属性予以列表,对表中生物个体性的各个范畴进行简释。本文认为,在生物个体性的种种属性中,拥有生存与繁殖两种属性的生物体就是完整的单元,单元完整性是生物体最标准的要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 The study of biological individuality is of great significance in the theory of biological philosophy and the practice of biological science.Biological philosophy is actually a philosophy based on biological individuality.The definition of biological individual and its individuality is the premise of individuality research.In view of the complexity and diversity of life,hierarchy definition is a reasonable choice.After reviewing various definitions in scholars’ theory,the defining conditions of biological individuals can be mainly divided into necessary conditions and sufficient conditions.Genes,individual organisms,groups and species,belonging to entities of different levels,can be called biological individuals in a certain biological sense.The definition of biological individuality is divided into multiple subjects,multiple classifications and multiple attributes,which can be answered from different angles and aspects.Then,According to several important aspects of biological individuality such as survival,development and reproduction,biological individuals(individual organism level)can be divided into six categories: bottleneck individual,staged individual,connective individual,meristematic individual,collective individual and symbiotic individual.The thought of“species as individuals” has experienced three stages: logical entity,historical entity and causal entity.As individuals,species also have unique individuality,which mainly include reticular pedigree relationship,fuzzy boundary and internal integration,allometric reproduction,struggle,dependence and symbiosis,and species as a unit of selection.The research results of biological individuality formed by western scholars based on the evolutionary paradigm mainly include synchronic analysis,genetic analysis and diachronic analysis.Synchronic analysis is a classic approach to biological individuality,which focuses on the hierarchical selection characteristics of biological individuals.The most important part of abstract selection theory is the representation of three principles,including the principle of variation,the principle of heredity and the principle of differential fitness.The second content is the heritable variance in fitness.A unit of selection is any entity for which there is heritable context-independent variance in fitness among entities.Multi-level selection model refers to dividing biological objects into different levels,and different levels can be regarded as selection units,namely individual selection,group selection and species selection.Gene analysis is aimed at the replicator approach,which observes biological individuality from the perspective of genes.Biological individuals are divided into“replicator-carrier/interactor”in dichotomy mode.From the perspective of gene,gene is the unit of replicator,which is eternal,while organism is the carrier/ interactor,an entity unit that interacts with the environment and is temporary.The unit selected from the perspective of gene is no longer an entity above the biological level,but a gene or organism.Diachronic analysis is about the evolutionary transition route of biological individuals,and analyzes the emergence nature of biological individuality.After the concept of transition was introduced into the evolutionary context,the theory of “major transition” was put forward,and the individual evolutionary history of organisms was divided into 9 major transition events.These events involved the formation of replication macromolecules,the formation of genes,the increase of complexity,the realization of division of labor and selection,the formation of cooperative groups,etc.,and the evolution unit developed from low-level to high-level.The individuality of microorganisms is also an important aspect of biological individuality.As a simple breeder,microorganisms have primitive,dynamic,adaptive and evolutionary properties.The individuality of viruses lies in gene rearrangement,combination and variation.The latest case is the evolution of variability of COVID-19 virus.After combing and summarizing the literature,it is found that these theoretical views are aimed at the reproduction,heredity,variation,adaptation,functional cooperation and other attributes of biological individuals,but do not pay attention to the spatiotemporal attributes of biological individuals,such as morphology,size,weight and so on.Therefore,this paper divides them into deep attributes and shallow attributes respectively.Deep attributes are important attributes of organisms and are the focus of biologists’ research.At the same time,these discussions of biological individuality are generally about the innate attributes of organisms.Therefore,this paper divides them into congenital attributes and acquired attributes again,lists them,and briefly explains the various categories of biological individuality in the table.This paper holds that among the various attributes of biological individuality,the organism with the two attributes of survival and reproduction is a complete unit.Unit integrity is the most standard requirement for organisms.更多还原