【作者】 高宏艳；

【导师】 索全义；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2020， 博士

【摘要】 内蒙古自治区幅员辽阔,东西跨度大,气候条件、土壤状况、种植制度、施肥制度在地区间存在一定差异。利用准确性高、特异性强的定量方法,是科学合理划分土壤养分和施肥管理分区、进行土壤养分肥力评价和制定不同管理区域的施肥推荐方案的重要技术手段和技术支撑。本研究以大量的土壤测试、田间试验数据为基础,综合应用地统计学、GIS方法、数理统计和推荐施肥方法,划定了内蒙古西辽河平原中氮中磷中钾施肥管理区（简称西辽河施肥管理区）的范围,并对西辽河施肥管理区的土壤养分空间分布特征、土壤养分肥力评价、土壤养分管理和分区施肥进行了系统研究。旨在全面、准确的揭示土壤养分的空间变异规律及分布特征,探索科学的施肥管理区划方法、土壤养分肥力评价方法和先进的养分管理技术,为农业生产和科学施肥提供理论依据。主要的研究结果如下:1、采用定量与定性结合的方法对内蒙古施肥管理区划进行了研究,从中确定了内蒙古西辽河施肥管理区的范围。（1）内蒙古施肥管理区划研究中,15项区划指标中,p H的变异系数为9.30%,属于弱变异性,其余指标的变异系数在11.77%～73.64%范围内,属于中强变异。适合作为施肥管理区划的参评指标。（2）各参评指标之间存在不同程度的相关性,特别是土壤养分指标之间、气象指标之间均存在极显著的相关关系。适合采用因子分析来降低指标信息重叠对评价结果的影响。（3）采用因子分析和K-均值聚类分析的定量分析法结合定性判断,将内蒙古划分为5个一级施肥管理分区,其中西辽河施肥管理区包括科尔沁区、开鲁县、科左中旗、科左后旗、奈曼旗。2、运用地统计学和GIS结合的方法,研究西辽河施肥管理区土壤养分的空间变异性、分布特征、丰缺格局。（1）用域法对土壤养分和p H的特异值剔除后,区域特征变化甚微,p H平均值升高0.1,其他几种土壤养分含量的平均值、标准差和变异系数均有小幅降低。（2）对10项指标进行了正态性检验,将不符合正态分布规律的指标做了对数转换处理,对数变换后均接近正态分布。（3）10项土壤指标均存在显著的空间自相关。经过土壤指标的半方差函数的拟合,确定了土壤各指标的最优空间分布理论模型,p H、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾选用高斯模型（gaussian model）,有效磷选用球面模型（sphericl model）,有机质、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌选用指数模型（exponential model）。（4）利用普通克里格法（ordinary Kriging）对西辽河施肥管理区土壤p H和土壤养分进行空间插值,并参考第二次土壤普查的分级进行了养分的级别划分,得到了土壤中各养分含量的空间格局分布图。3、西辽河施肥管理区土壤中各养分含量及p H的空间格局分布特征（1）土壤p H的空间分布特征:p H值普遍偏高,主要集中在8.0～8.5的范围内,占总面积的63.2%,p H小于7.5的面积仅占0.1%,说明大部分土壤呈碱性。（2）大量养分的空间分布特征:土壤有机质含量中等,10～20mg/kg水平的土壤面积占76%。小于10mg/kg低水平的占22.1%。土壤全氮含量普遍偏低,51.1%的土壤全氮含量小于0.75g/kg,36.4%的土壤全氮在0.75～1.0mg/kg之间。土壤碱解氮含量中等,58.1%的土壤碱解氮含量在60～90mg/kg之间,33.8%的土壤碱解氮小于60mg/kg。土壤有效磷含量大部分处于中等水平,57.0%的土壤有效磷含量在5～10mg/kg之间,33.3%的土壤有效磷含量小于5mg/kg。土壤速效钾含量中等,100～150mg/kg的土壤面积占53.3%,小于100mg/kg的面积占29.1%。（3）微量养分的空间分布特征:土壤有效铁含量较高,主要集中在大于10mg/kg的范围内,该等级的土壤占52.3%,4.5～10mg/kg的土壤占45.6%。土壤有效锰含量中等,88.9%的土壤集中分布在5～15mg/kg之间。土壤有效铜含量较低,54.7%的土壤有效铜含量小于1.0mg/kg,44.5%的土壤有效铜含量在1.0～1.8mg/kg之间。土壤有效锌的含量中等,76.9%的土壤主要集中在0.5～1.0mg/kg的等级范围内,低等级和高等级的分布较少,分别占16.3%和6.9%。4、在应用GIS技术的基础上,采用四种不同的方法对西辽河施肥管理区的耕地土壤养分肥力进行了评价,四种方法分别是:基于因子综合得分的分级法、基于因子分析中综合得分的聚类分级法、基于相关系数权重的模糊综合聚类法和基于公因子方差权重的模糊综合聚类法。4种评价方法的评价结果存在一定的差异。基于因子分析综合得分的聚类分级法中的综合得分与玉米产量的相关性最大,线性关系的拟合度最优,通过该方法得到的评价结果可以更加准确的反映土壤肥力的实际水平。5、在土壤养分空间插值的基础上,划分了西辽河施肥管理区氮磷钾养分的管理分区,并确定了不同分区的施肥量。（1）根据耕地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的空间插值结果,运用土壤丰缺指标法对西辽河施肥管理区玉米耕地土壤的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾进行了养分管理分区的划分。（2）利用肥料效应函数法,计算得出了玉米多点肥料效应试验的经济最佳施肥量和最高产量施肥量。（3）西辽河施肥管理区土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与玉米最佳N、P₂O₅、K₂O用量之间存在较好的对数关系,模拟土壤养分与经济最佳施肥量之间的函数关系,得到了玉米氮磷钾肥的施肥模型,确定了不同养分丰缺指标下的的最佳施肥量。（4）氮肥的最佳施肥用量为低级≥182.5kg/hm²,中级137.4～182.5kg/hm²,高级<137.4kg/hm²;磷肥的最佳施肥用量为低级≥122.4kg/hm²,中级89.5～122.4kg/hm²,高级<89.5kg/hm²;钾肥的最佳施肥用量为低级≥64.4kg/hm²,中级50.8～64.4kg/hm²,高级<50.8kg/hm²。（5）制作完成了西辽河施肥管理区及旗县区的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的养分管理分区图和种植玉米所需的N、P₂O₅、K₂O肥料用量组合分布图,实现了土壤养分的分区管理和分区变量施肥。更多还原

【Abstract】 There is a vast territory and a large span from east to west in Inner Mongolia.The climatic conditions,soil conditions,planting systems,and fertilization systems are different among different regions.Adopting high precision and specific quantitative methods are important technical means for scientifically and rationally dividing soil nutrients and fertilization management subdivisions.They are also important technical supports for evaluating soil nutrient fertility and formulating fertilization recommendations for different management areas.The research was based on a large number of soil test and field test data.Research methods mainly included geostatistics,GIS methods,mathematical statistics and recommended fertilization methods.In the research,the scope of the Xiliaohe fertilization management district in Inner Mongolia was delineated.The spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients,evaluation of soil nutrient fertility,soil nutrient management and regional fertilization of Xiliaohe fertilization management district were researched systematically.It aims to reveal the spatial variability and distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and explore the methods of fertilization division and Soil fertility evaluation.At the same time,it aims to explore advance nutrient management technology to provide theoretical basis for agricultural production and scientific fertilization.The main findings are as follows:1.The scope of the Xiliaohe fertilization management district in Inner Mongolia was determined with the quantitative and qualitative method.（1）In the research of fertilization management division in Inner Mongolia,among15 indicators,the coefficient variation of p H was 9.30%.It belonged to the weak variation.The coefficient variation of the other indicators were in the range of 11.77%to73.64%belonged to above medium variation.These indicators were suitable to be used as the evaluation indexes for fertilization management division.（2）There were different correlations among the indexes,especially among soil nutrient indexes and meteorological indexes which had significant correlations.It was suitable for using factor analysis to reduce the impact of index information overlap on evaluation results.（3）Inner Mongolia was divided into five first-level fertilization management zones with the methods of factor analysis and K-means cluster analysis and combined with qualitative judgment.The Xiliaohe fertilization management district included Keerqin,Kailu,Kezuozhong,Kezuohou and Naiman.2.The spatial variability,distribution characteristics and patterns of soil nutrients in Xiliaohe fertilization management district were researched with the methods of geostatistics and GIS.（1）The regional characteristics changed little after removing the abnormal values of soil nutrients and p H by domain method.The mean of p H increased by 0.1.The mean,standard deviation and coefficient variation of other soil nutrients decreased slightly.（2）The normality of indicators were checked and the indicators which did not conform to the rule of normal distribution were treated with logarithmic transformations.After logarithmic transformations,the indicators were close to normal distribution.（3）The results showed that there were significant spatial autocorrelations in the ten soil indicators.By fitting the semi-variance function of soil indexes,the optimal spatial distribution theoretical models of soil indexes were determined.p H,TN,AN,AK selected the gaussian models.AP choose spherical model.OM,AFe,AMn,ACu,AZn selected exponential models.（4）With the method of ordinary Kriging,the spatial interpolation were carried out for soil p H and soil nutrients of xiliaohe fertilization management district.According to the classification of the second soil census,the nutrients levels were classified and the spatial distribution maps of soil nutrient contents were made.3.The spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrient contents and p H of xiliaohe fertilization management district are as follows:（1）Spatial distribution characteristics of soil p H:The p H were generally high,mainly concentrated in the range of 8.0～8.5,accounting for 63.2%of the total area.The area that p H less than 7.5 only accounted for 0.1%,so that most of the soil were alkaline.（2）Spatial distribution characteristics of mass nutrients:The OM content was medium,and the soil area with medium level of 10～20mg/kg accounted for 76%.The area of low level accounted for 22.1%.The content of soil TN was generally lower.The soil area accounted for 51.1%which were less than 0.75g/kg and the soil area accounted for 36.4%which was between 0.75mg/kg and 1.0mg/kg.The content of AN was medium,and the soil area with medium level of 60～90mg/kg accounted for 58.1%.The area of low level accounts for 33.8%.The AP content was at medium levels in most soil.The soil area accounted for 57.0%which was between 5 and 10mg/kg.The area of low level accounted for 33.3%.The AK content was medium.The soil area accounted for 53.3%which was between 100 and 150mg/kg.The area of low level which was less than100g/kg accounted for 29.1%.（3）Spatial distribution of micronutrients:The content of AFe was higher.The content mainly concentrated in the range of more than 10mg/kg.The soil area of this grade accounted for 52.31%and 4.5～10mg/kg soil accounted for 45.6%.The AMn content was medium.The soil area accounted for 88.9%which was between 5 and15mg/kg.The soil ACu content was lower.The area accounted for 54.7%of low level which was less than 1.0mg/kg.The soil area accounted for 44.5%which was between 1.0and 1.8mg/kg.The AZn content was medium.The soil area accounted for 76.9%which was between 0.5 and 1.0mg/kg.Low level and high level distributions were less.The area of low level and high level soil accounted for 16.3%and 6.9%respectively.4.Based on the application of GIS technology,four different methods were used to evaluate the soil fertility of cultivated land in the Xiliaohe fertilization management district.The first method was a classification method only based on the comprehensive score of the factors.The second method was a classification method based on comprehensive score in factor analysis by cluster analysis.The third method was a fuzzy comprehensive clustering method based on correlation coefficient weight.The fourth method was a fuzzy comprehensive clustering method based on common factor variance weight.There were some differences in the evaluation results of the four evaluation methods.In the clustering grading method based on the comprehensive score of factor analysis,the comprehensive score had the highest correlation with the linear yield of corn.The fitting effect of the linear relation in this method was optimal.The evaluation results of this method can reflect the actual level of soil fertility more accurately.5.Based on the spatial interpolation of soil nutrients,the management zones of NPK were divided in the Xiliaohe fertilization management district,and the fertilizer dosage in different zones were determined.（1）Based on the results of spatial interpolation of AN and AP and AK in cultivated soil in Xiliaohe fertilization management district,the nutrient management zones were divided with the method of soil nutrient abundance and deficiency index.（2）The fertilizer dosage of the most economic yield and maximum yield were calculated with the method of fertilizer effect function.（3）There was a better logarithmic relationship between the contents of AN,AP,AK and optimal dosage of N,P₂O₅,K₂O for maize in Xiliaohe fertilization management district.In the research,the fertilization model of NPK for maize were obtained and the optimal fertilizer dosage were determined under different indexes of nutrient abundance and deficiency.（4）The optimal dosage of nitrogen fertilizer were≥182.5kg/hm²at low level,137.4～182.5kg/hm²at medium level,and<137.4kg/hm²at high level.The optimal dosage of phosphate fertilizer was≥122.4kg/hm²at low level,89.5～122.4kg/hm²at medium level,and<89.5kg/hm²at high level.The optimal dosage of potassic fertilizer were≥64.4kg/hm²at low level,50.8～64.4kg/hm²at medium level,and<50.8kg/hm²at high level.The regional nutrient management map were made about soil AN,AP and AK in Xiliaohe fertilization management district and county territory.The combined distribution map of N,P₂O₅and K₂O fertilizer dosage for corn were made,so as to realize the regional management of soil nutrients and the regional variable fertilization.更多还原