【作者】 方芳；

【导师】 史玉民；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 西方科学观先是受制于理性主义,试图寻找真理性认识,逻辑实证主义之后又受到经验主义的影响。不论是经验和理性的分离还是结合,证实还是证伪,都是在本质主义的框架之内。维特根斯坦作为二十世纪重要哲学家,其前后期哲学发生了从本质主义到非本质主义的转向。维氏前期采用人工语言学派的方式,注重对语言逻辑结构的分析,试图构造出一套理想的人工语言。到了后期,维氏一改对日常语言的态度,放弃追求理想的人工语言的努力,开始对日常语言的用法展开研究。目前对这一转向过程的研究一般停留在对“语言游戏”“家族相似”以及“生活形式”的讨论上。而对其后期的核心思想“语言游戏”的分析则主要是对游戏图景的自然描述,未能“由表及里”揭示“游戏”的动态生成过程。近年来,哈尔克、马查等学者开始关注维氏哲学中的“关系”思想,对其前后期哲学中的“关系”思想进行了解读。这些探索有助于从深层揭示维氏哲学观的转变过程及其对西方科学观发展所产生的影响。本研究以“关系”的视角,借鉴“创造的诠释学”的方法,在对维特根斯坦的思想观点进行分析的基础上,揭示出维氏思想的深层意蕴。研究主要沿四条线索展开:线索一:从前期到后期。分析以《逻辑哲学论》为代表的前期以及以《哲学研究》为代表的后期哲学中的“关系”思想。以后期为主,对“语言游戏”中的“关系”思想进行深层解读。线索二:从一般到特殊。选取维氏的几个经典论题,从对“语言游戏”的“规则遵守悖论”开始,对意向性、颜色词中的内、外在关系展开讨论,过渡到对更为抽象的“数”的讨论。线索三:从所及到未及。将维特根斯坦的思想置于更为广阔的时代背景下,显现他可能未明确阐明的蕴意——非本质主义基础上的建构观,并探讨这种观点对机器智能领域的启示。线索四:从西方到中国。对比中西方“关系”思想的异同及对科学观的影响。按照以上思路,本研究主要从以下六个方面展开:第一,维特根斯坦对“关系之争”的介入。首先讨论“关系之争”的源起以及维氏介入“关系”的争论之后是如何在一种非常规的意义上讨论内、外在关系问题的?20世纪初,布拉德雷(F.H.Bradley)和罗素(B.Russell)展开了一场论辩,就内在和外在关系,经验与实在等问题展开了争论。罗素持“外在关系说”,认为关系外在于关系项,不能归并于项的性质。布拉德雷把关系视为是内在于关系项的,否则关系就成了孤立的存在。两人的争论引发了哲学界关于“关系”问题哲学意义的思考。维特根斯坦介入了这场争论,并把“项”与“关系”拉锯战引向对于语言的分析。第二,前后期哲学中的“关系”思想对比。本部分主要讨论前后期维特根斯坦内、外在关系的实质以及前后期的区别与联系。维特根斯坦前期的“图像论”中的内在关系指向的是在命题与事态层面实现的一种逻辑结构上的对应。在《逻辑哲学论》中,维氏的内在关系更像是一种“固有形式”,这是对“图像论”观点的一种关系解释。而在后期,维特根斯坦在《哲学研究》等论著中,通过对“关系”的讨论揭示出了“语言游戏”创建的(invented)一面,关注的是语言游戏的生成过程。后期维特根斯坦的“内在关系”指“语法关系”或“概念关系”,而“外在关系”则是指“事实关系”。第三,后期哲学中的“内在关系”思想解读。在深层解读“内在关系”的基础上,将讨论置于建构思想发展的长链中,阐明维氏“关系”思想中的“建构观”。研究以意向性、颜色问题、数学及逻辑问题为焦点,重点对维特根斯坦的“内在关系”进行解读:(1)内在关系无中介,它是一种语法关系;(2)内在关系来自于实践;(3)内在关系无个体与共同体之分。维特根斯坦的“关系”思想中隐含着“建构”的观点。第四,维特根斯坦“关系”思想对西方科学观的影响。本部分主要讨论在本质主义到非本质主义的坐标轴中,拉卡托斯的“科学研究纲领”、库恩的“范式”、费耶阿本德的“反对一切方法”、劳丹的“科学研究传统”在坐标中的大体位置以及这些思想之间的关联性。对“实在”问题的争论是科学哲学领域的一个重要论题。因此,本部分主要论述:科学哲学领域的哪些哲学家承袭并发展了维特根斯坦的思想?维特根斯坦与罗素的“关系”思想与以量子力学新发现为支撑的“结构实在论”核心观点的相似之处?第五,“关系”思想对新兴科学的启示——以机器智能为例。本部分探讨维特根斯坦的“关系”思想对以“机器智能”为代表的新兴科学的启示。“机器智能”正处于从对人类解决问题能力形式上的模仿,到一种深层次的模拟的过渡阶段。维特根斯坦的“关系”思想与机器智能领域的“语义进路的联结主义”暗合。语义进路把机器智能的研究从泛在的联结主义转向限定的联结主义,从而为解决“输入贫乏”问题提供了潜在解决方案。第六,中西方关系哲学的异同及相应的科学观。中西关系哲学的异同导致产生了两种截然不同的科学观。归根到底,这种差异性是由思维方式决定的。中国的象思维以“悟性直观”为特征,而西方的概念思维重视逻辑思维与本质抽象。思维方式的差异形成了两种截然不同的关系哲学并出现了与之相应的科学观。本部分主要讨论中西方科学观有哪些特征、优势和局限性?在当今时代,如何发挥中西方的科学观之所长,解决生态危机等影响人类可持续发展的问题。本研究有助于深层理解维特根斯坦的语言哲学思想。其一,“语言游戏”是维特根斯坦非本质主义观的核心。从关系的视角解释其内涵,有助于深层解读维特根斯坦的“语言游戏说”;其二,了解西方科学观从本质主义转向非本质主义的发生过程;其三,透过维特根斯坦的“关系”思想,寻找建构思想发展脉络的转折点,为当前认知建构思想的形成及发展提供新的研究路径;其四,在概括维氏对科学观转向的贡献之基础上,追溯西方科学观发展的主要路径。在关照现实方面,研究能够为“机器智能”为代表的新兴科学领域遭遇的疑难提供哲学依据及问题的潜在解决路径。本文的创新之处在于:在研究视角上,从“语言游戏”的表层进入到“游戏”的深层,从“关系”的视角深层解读维特根斯坦“语言游戏”中的非本质主义思想。在学术观点上,研究主要有以下推进和创新:一是从关系视角重述维特根斯坦后期的核心思想“语言游戏”,揭示其创建性的一面;二是提炼出维氏关系思想的核心内容,并将维氏的后期思想概括为隐含着“建构”思想的一种非本质主义观;三是在梳理维特根斯坦前后主要关系哲学学派观点的基础上,追溯“关系”思想的承袭与发展的脉络;四是探讨维特根斯坦非本质主义观对其后科学哲学思想发展的影响,指出维氏在西方科学观发展中的独特贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 Subject to rationalism at first,western scientific outlook attempted to seek the truth,and then got influenced by empiricism after logical positivism.Whichever form it takes,.separation or combination of experience and rationality,confirmation or falsification,all the branches are in the framework of essentialism.Wittgenstein,an important philosopher in the 20th century,has changed from essentialism in his early philosophy to anti-essentialism in his later period.In his early years,Wittgenstein adopted the method of artificial language with focus on the analysis of the logical structure of language in the attempt to construct a set of ideal artificial language.While in his later period,giving up the pursuit of ideal artificial language,he changed his attitude towards everyday language and began to study its usage.At present,researches on this shift are generally confined to the discussion of"Language Game","Family Resemblance" and "The Form of Life".However,the analysis of the core idea of his later period,"Language Game",is mainly just a natural description of the game picture without reference to the dynamic process of"game" itself.In recent years,M.T.Hark and J.Mácha focus on "relation" in Wittgenstein’s philosophy to explore its deep meaning in his early and later philosophy,which helps to reveal the shift of Wittgenstein’s philosophy and its influence on the development of western science.With the perspective of "relation" and the method of "creative hermeneutics",this study reveals Wittgenstein’s deeper thought on the basis of his works.The research mainly follows four clues:Clue 1:from early stage to later stage.This paper analyzes "relation" in Wittgenstein’s early stage,represented by Tractatus,and in the later period,represented by Philosophical Investigations.The focus of this study is on "relation" in "Language Game" in his later period.Clue 2:from general to special.From the perspectives of internal and external relations,such Wittgenstein’s classic topics are examined as the "rule-abiding paradox" of"language game",intentionality and color words,and a more abstract special form of"number".Clue 3:from the mentioned points to the implied meaning.This paper reveals Wittgenstein’s possibly unexplained implication,a construction view on the basis of anti-essence,and then discusses its enlightenment to the field of machine intelligence from a broader perspective.Clue 4:from the West to China.Similarities and differences between Chinese and Western thoughts on "relation" are compared and their influence on the view of science is revealed.Accordingly,this study is carried out mainly from the following six perspectives:First goes Wittgenstein’s intervention in the "relation dispute".Firstly,the origin of "relation dispute" and how Wittgenstein intervenes in the debate of "relation" is discussed with internal and external relations in an unconventional sense explored.In the early 20th century,F.H.Bradley and B.Russell launched a debate on the internal and external relations,experience and reality.Russell views relation as external,and believes that relation is external to relation terms not to be merged with their properties.Bradley regards relation as inherent in items,otherwise relation would be an isolated existence.The debate triggered the reflection on the philosophical significance of the "relation" problem,in which Wittgenstein intervened and ended the tug-of-war between "item" and "relation",turning it to a language perspective.Second is the comparison of the thought on "relation" in the former and later periods,which mainly discusses the essence of Wittgenstein’s internal and external relations in the two periods,together with differences and connections.The internal relation in Wittgenstein’s early "Image Theory" refers to a logical structure correspondence between proposition and state of affairs.In Tractatus,Wittgenstein’s internal relation is more like an "inherent form",which is a relational interpretation of "Image Theory".In the later period,Wittgenstein,in Philosophical Investigations and other works,revealed the invented aspect of the "Language Game" through the discussion of "relation" with the focus on the game’s generative process.Later Wittgenstein’s "internal relation" refers to "grammatical relation" or "conceptual relation",while "external relation" refers to "factual relation".Third goes the interpretation of the thought on "internal relation" in his later philosophy.Based on the in-depth interpretation of "internal relation",discussion is placed on the long chain of the development of construction thought,and the"construction view" in Wittgenstein’s "relation" thought is thus revealed.Focusing on intentionality,color problems,mathematics and logic problems,this part focuses on the interpretation of Wittgenstein’s "internal relation":(1)internal relation is a grammatical relation without mediation;(2)internal relation comes from practice;(3)internal relation in individual item and in community can not be separated as two different types.Wittgenstein’s thought on "relations" implies a "constructive" view.Fourth is the influence of Wittgenstein’s "relation" on the western view of science,which mainly discusses the position of Lakatos’s "scientific research program",Kuhn’s "paradigm",Feyerabend’s "against all methods",and Laudan’s"scientific research tradition" in the coordinate axis from essentialism to non essentialism,as well as the correlation between them."Reality" is a hot topic in the field of philosophy of science.For this reason,the similarities between Wittgenstein and Russell’s thought on "relation" and the core view of "structural realism" are compared.New discoveries of quantum mechanics laid the foundation for the theory of "structural realism".The following questions are to be answered:"After Wittgenstein,Western science changed from essentialism to non essentialism,so what are the core features of Wittgenstein’s thought on ’relation’?" "How did this shift take place from a ’relation’ perspective?" "Which philosophers in the field of philosophy of science inherited and developed his ideas?"Fifth comes the enlightenment of "relation" thought on the newly-emerging science,with Machine Intelligence(MI)as an example.It discusses the enlightenment of Wittgenstein’s thought of "relation" on the newly-emerging science,for instance,"machine intelligence".MI’s imitation of human problem-solving ability is at a transitional stage,from formal imitation to deeper simulation.Wittgenstein’s thought on "relation" matches the "connectionism of semantic approaches" in the field of Machine Intelligence.This approach turns the research of machine intelligence from ubiquitous to limited connectionism,thus providing a potential solution to the problem of "Input Poverty".Sixth comes the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western relational philosophy and the corresponding scientific outlooks leading to the differences.In the final analysis,this difference is determined by the way of thinking.Chinese image thinking is characterized by "perceptual intuition",while western conceptual thinking is featured by logical thinking and essential abstraction.The difference in thinking mode forms two distinct relational philosophies and corresponding scientific outlooks.This part mainly discusses the characteristics,advantages and limitations of Chinese and western scientific outlooks.In today’s era,there is the need to give full play to the advantages of Chinese and western scientific outlooks for such problems as ecological crisis,so as to ensure human sustainable development.This study contributes to a deep understanding of Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language.First,"Language Game" is the core of Wittgenstein’s non essentialism.Explaining its connotation from the perspective of relation gives a deeper interpretation of Wittgenstein’s "Language Game".Second,it is helpful to understand the process of western scientific outlook from essentialism to non essentialism.Thirdly,Wittgenstein’s thought on "relation" reveals the turning point of the development of construction thinking as a new path for tracing the development of construction in cognitive sense.Fourthly,on the basis of summarizing Wittgenstein’s contribution to the transformation of scientific outlook,this paper traces the main development paths of western scientific outlook.In terms of reality,it can provide potential solutions to the problems encountered in the emerging scientific field,"Machine Intelligence" for instance.The innovation points of this dissertation:(1)A new research perspective.With a "relation" perspective,the non-essentialism of Wittgenstein’s "Language Game" is explored from a surface level to a deep level.(2)New academic points of view.The research on Wittgenstein’s thought mainly includes the following advances and innovations.First,from a relation perspective,Wittgenstein’s core thought in his later period,that is "language game",is restated,revealing the games invented aspect.Second,the core ideas of Wittgenstein’s view on relation are summarized and his later thought of non-essentialism is revealed with the implied idea of"construction".Thirdly,the inheritance and development of "relation’ is traced back with main philosophical schools of "relation" sorted out before and after Wittgenstein’s period.Fourth,the influence of Wittgenstein’s non-essentialism on the development of philosophy of science is discussed,with Wittgenstein’s unique contribution to the development of western scientific outlook.更多还原