【作者】 王睿；

【导师】 王得祥；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 生态学， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 城市是现代人类社会赖以生存的基础,然而空气污染和城市热岛等城市问题严重威胁居民的身心健康,城市森林由于其具有改善空气环境和促进人体健康的功能而备受关注。基于城市森林康养因子与居民利用其康养功能进行休闲体力活动二者间的时空关联研究缺乏,本研究以西安都市圈为研究区域,选择城市森林资源丰富且具有代表性的3座城市（大规模城市-西安市、中规模城市-宝鸡市、小规模城市-杨陵区）中不同区域（城市核心区、过渡区、边缘区）的9处典型片状城市森林（城市公园）为研究对象,在城市森林调查和主要康养因子指标实测的基础上,进行城市森林康养因子与居民休闲体力活动的时空变化及耦合关系研究,阐明了在不同时间和空间尺度下城市森林主要康养因子与居民休闲体力活动间的关联,对城市居民休闲体力活动指导和居民健康质量改善提供了理论基础和实践依据。研究取得成果如下:（1）基于不同的时间和空间尺度实测得到了西安都市圈城市森林主要康养因子的时空变化规律。城市森林林内空气负离子（NAI）浓度季节变化显著,夏季最高（平均799个/cm³）,秋季（560个/cm³）和春季（544个/cm³）次之,冬季（329个/cm³）最低。林内空气负离子浓度有明显的日变化规律,整体呈单谷变化趋势,上午8:00-12:00为的下降期,中午13:00为全天最低值,下午14:00-17:00为上升期。城市森林林内空气负离子浓度在空间上变化显著,中等规模城市浓度最高（平均648个/cm³）,小规模城市次之（550个/cm³）,大规模城市最低（476个/cm³）,城市边缘区浓度最高,城市过渡区次之,城市核心区最低。城市森林林内PM_2.5浓度季节变化显著,冬季最高（平均106.2μg/m³）,春季（42.0μg/m³）和秋季（34.1μg/m³）次之,夏季（21.0μg/m³）最低。林内PM_2.5浓度日变化在春、夏、秋三个季节表现相同,均呈现缓慢上升的趋势。冬季林内PM_2.5浓度因城市规模不同和森林在城市中的位置不同而表现不同,在大、中规模城市,冬季PM_2.5浓度呈单峰变化趋势,上午8:00-14:00为上升期,至14:00达到全天最高值,下午14:00-17:00为下降期,在小规模城市中,冬季8:00-17:00期间PM_2.5浓度均在不断上升。城市森林林内PM_2.5浓度在空间上变化显著,在大规模城市浓度最高（平均57.5μg/m³）,小规模城市次之（49.1μg/m³）,中等规模城最低市（45.8μg/m³）,城市核心区最高,过渡区次之,边缘区最低。城市森林林内热通用气候指数（UTCI）季节变化显著,夏季最高（平均31.2℃）、春季次之（21.2℃）、秋季第三（15.9℃）,冬季最低（6.2℃）。林内热通用气候指数有明显的日变化规律,整体呈单峰变化趋势,上午8:00-12:00为上升期,中午13:00为全天最高值,下午14:00-17:00为下降期。城市森林林内热通用气候指数在空间上变化显著,大规模城市最高（平均19.9℃）,中等规模城市次之（19.5℃）,小规模城市最低（16.4℃）,在城市核心区最高,过渡区次之,边缘区最低。在城市森林林内主要康养因子的关系方面,PM_2.5浓度与空气负离子浓度呈显著负相关关系,热通用气候指数与空气负离子浓度呈显著负相关关系,热通用气候指数与PM_2.5浓度呈正相关关系。（2）基于不同的时间和空间尺度实测得到了西安都市圈城市森林休闲体力活动（LPA）的时空变化规律。参与城市森林休闲体力活动的女性累计人次（55.56%）高于男性（44.43%）,城市规模越大参与休闲体力活动性别差异越小。成年人（44.91%）和老年人（38.92%）是休闲体力活动的主要人群。在全部人群中,进行中等强度休闲体力活动的占比最大（30.7%）,低强度（27.5%）次之,随后是静态活动（21.3%）,高强度活动（20.5%）最少,城市规模越大进行静态活动的比例越高,春、夏、秋三个季节进行高强度休闲体力活动的人群比例高于冬季。室外体育活动区（47.5%）和中心广场（32.8%）是城市森林环境中进行休闲体力活动的主要空间场所。城市森林休闲体力活动累计人次季节变化明显,由高到低依次是春季、秋季、夏季和冬季。休闲体力活动主要集中于上午9:00-10:00和下午15:00-16:00时段进行。城市森林所在的城市规模越大,休闲体力活动累计人次越高,大规模城市最高（75.76%）,中等规模城市次之（15.24%）,小规模城市最少（9.00%）。越靠近城市核心,休闲体力活动累计人次越高。（3）阐明了西安都市圈城市森林主要康养因子与居民休闲体力活动的关联性。城市森林林内空气负离子浓度与休闲体力活动具有较强的关联性（关联度r_i=0.685）,各季节中关联度夏季最高（0.736）,秋季（0.713）和春季（0.675）次之,冬季最低（0.617）。林内PM_2.5浓度与休闲体力活动具有较强的关联性（关联度r_i=0.657）,各季节中关联度冬季最高（0.803）,春季（0.650）和秋季（0.632）次之,夏季最低（0.544）。林内热通用气候指数与休闲体力活动具有较弱的关联性（关联度r_i=0.630）,各季节中关联度冬季最高（0.763）,春季（0.628）和秋季（0.572）次之,夏季最低（0.556）。基于城市森林主要康养因子与居民休闲体力活动关联性及合理性评估,夏季建议以热通用气候指数为主要参考指标制定城市居民休闲体力活动计划,春季和秋季建议以空气负氧离子浓度为主要参考指标,冬季建议以PM_2.5浓度为主要参考指标。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cities are the basis for the survival of modern human society.However,urban problems such as air pollution and urban heat island seriously threaten the physical and mental health of residents.Urban forests have attracted much attention due to their functions of improving air environment and promoting human health.This study is based on the lack of research on the spatial and temporal association between urban forest health-care factors and residents’recreational and physical activities using their health-care functions.In this study,nine typical urban forests（urban parks）in different areas（urban core area,transitional area,and peripheral area）of three cities（large-scale city-Xi’an,medium-scale city-Baoji,and small-scale city-Yangling district,they are all in the Xi’an metropolitan area）with rich urban forest resources were selected as the study area.Based on the urban forest survey and the actual measurement of the main health-care factor indicators,this study conducts a research on the temporal and spatial changes and coupling relationship between urban forest health-care factors and residents’leisure physical activities.It elucidates the association between the main health-care factors and residents’leisure physical activities in urban forests at different temporal and spatial scales.It provides a theoretical basis and practical basis for guiding urban residents’leisure and physical activities and improving their health quality.The results of the study are as follows:（1）Based on different temporal and spatial scales of empirical measurements,we obtained the spatial and temporal variation patterns of the main health-care factors in the urban forest of Xi’an metropolitan area.The air negative ion（NAI）concentration in the urban forest forest varied significantly seasonally,with the highest in summer（average 799/cm³）,followed by autumn（560/cm³）and spring（544/cm³）,and the lowest in winter（329/cm³）.There was a clear pattern of daily variation in the air negative ion concentration in the forest,with an overall trend of single-valley variation.The decreasing period was from 8:00 a.m.to 12:00 p.m.,the lowest value was at 13:00 p.m.,and the increasing period was from 14:00 p.m.to 17:00 p.m.The concentration of negative air ions in the urban forest varied significantly spatially,with the highest concentration in medium-sized cities（average 648 ions/cm³）,followed by small-sized cities（550 ions/cm³）,and the lowest in large-scale cities（476 ions/cm³）,with the highest concentration in urban fringe areas,followed by urban transition areas,and the lowest in urban core areas.The seasonal variation of PM_2.5concentrations within the urban forest stands was significant,with the highest in winter（mean 106.2μg/m³）,followed by spring（42.0μg/m³）and autumn（34.1μg/m³）,and the lowest in summer（21.0μg/m³）.The daily variation of PM_2.5concentration in the forest showed the same performance in spring,summer and autumn,all showing a slow increasing trend.The in-forest PM_2.5concentrations in winter behaved differently depending on the city scale and the location of the forest in the city.In large and medium-sized cities,PM_2.5concentrations showed a single-peak trend in winter.The rising period is from 8:00 a.m.to 14:00 a.m.,reaching the highest value throughout the day by 14:00a.m.,and the decreasing period is from 14:00 p.m.to 17:00 p.m.In small-scale cities,PM_2.5concentrations are increasing during 8:00-17:00 in winter.PM_2.5concentrations within the urban forest forest varied significantly spatially,with the highest concentrations in large-scale cities（average 57.5μg/m³）,followed by small-scale cities（49.1μg/m³）,and the lowest in medium-scale cities（45.8μg/m³）,with the highest in the urban core,the second highest in the transition zone,and the lowest in the periphery.The Urban Forest Thermal Universal Climate Index（UTCI）has significant seasonal variations,with the highest in summer（average 31.2°C）,the second highest in spring（21.2°C）,the third lowest in autumn（15.9°C）,and the lowest in winter（6.2°C）.The thermal general climate index has a clear pattern of daily variation with an overall trend of single-peaked variation.The rising period was from 8:00 a.m.to 12:00 p.m.,the highest value for the whole day was at 13:00 p.m.,and the falling period was from 14:00 p.m.to 17:00 p.m.The thermal generic climate index within the urban forest forest varied significantly spatially,with the highest in large-scale cities（19.9°C on average）,the second highest in medium-scale cities（19.5°C）,and the lowest in small-scale cities（16.4°C）,with the highest in the urban core,the second highest in the transition zone,and the lowest in the peripheral zone.In terms of the relationship between the main health-care factors within the urban forest stands,PM_2.5concentration was significantly negatively correlated with air negative ion concentration.The thermal generic climate index was significantly negatively correlated with negative air ion concentration.The thermal generic climate index was positively correlated with PM_2.5concentration.（2）Based on different temporal and spatial scales of empirical measurements,we obtained the spatio-temporal variation patterns of urban forest leisure physical activity（LPA）in the Xi’an metropolitan area.The cumulative number of participants in leisure physical activities in urban forests was higher for women（55.56%）than for men（44.43%）.The larger the size of the city the smaller the gender difference in participation in leisure physical activity.Adults（44.91%）and the elderly（38.92%）were the main groups of people who engaged in leisure physical activities.Among the total population,the largest proportion of people engaged in moderate intensity leisure physical activity（30.7%）,followed by low intensity（27.5%）,followed by static activity（21.3%）and the least high intensity activity（20.5%）.The larger the city size the higher the proportion of people performing static activities,and the proportion of people performing high-intensity leisure physical activities is higher in spring,summer and autumn than in winter.Outdoor sports activity areas（47.5%）and central squares（32.8%）are the main spatial places for leisure physical activities in the urban forest environment.The seasonal variation of the cumulative number of leisure physical activity in the urban forest is obvious,from high to low in spring,autumn,summer and winter.Leisure physical activities were mainly conducted during the hours of 9:00-10:00 am and 15:00-16:00 pm.The larger the size of the city where the urban forest is located,the higher the cumulative number of leisure physical activity visits,with the highest in large scale cities（75.76%）,the second highest in medium scale cities（15.24%）,and the lowest in small scale cities（9.00%）.The closer to the urban core,the higher the cumulative number of leisure and physical activity visits.（3）The correlation between the main health-care factors of urban forests and the leisure physical activities of residents in the Xi’an metropolitan area was elucidated.There was a strong correlation between negative air ion concentration and leisure physical activity in urban forests（correlation r_i=0.685）,with the highest correlation among seasons in summer（0.736）,followed by autumn（0.713）and spring（0.675）,and the lowest correlation in winter（0.617）.There was a strong correlation between PM_2.5concentration and leisure physical activity in the forest（correlation r_i=0.657）,with the highest correlation among seasons in winter（0.803）,followed by spring（0.650）and autumn（0.632）,and the lowest in summer（0.544）.The thermal generic climate index in the forest had a weak correlation with leisure physical activity（correlation r_i=0.630）,with the highest correlation among the seasons in winter（0.763）,followed by spring（0.628）and autumn（0.572）,and the lowest in summer（0.556）.Based on the assessment of the correlation and rationality between the main health-care factors of urban forest and residents’leisure physical activities,it is suggested that the thermal generic climate index is the main reference index for urban residents’leisure physical activities plan in summer,the negative air oxygen ion concentration is the main reference index in spring and autumn,and the PM_2.5concentration is the main reference index in winter.更多还原